History + Culture - Pre PYQ[Set-A] Explanation
Ancient & Medieval
2023
41. In which one of the following regions was Dhanyakataka, which flourished as a prominent Buddhist center under the Mahasanghikas, located?
a) Andhra
b) Gandhara
c) Kalinga
d) Magadha
Answer: a) Andhra
Explanation: Dhanyakataka, known as a significant center of Buddhism, especially under the Mahasanghika school, was located in the Andhra region. It is identified with the ancient site of Amaravati in modern-day Andhra Pradesh.
42. With reference to ancient India, consider the following statements:
1. The concept of Stupa is Buddhist in origin.
2. Stupa was generally a repository of relics.
3. Stupa was a votive and commemorative structure in Buddhist tradition.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) All three
d) None
Answer: b) Only 2
Explanation:
The concept of Stupa is Buddhist in origin. This statement is incorrect. The concept of a stupa, as a burial mound, predates Buddhism. While stupas became prominent in Buddhist tradition as structures housing relics of the Buddha or other revered individuals, their origin can be traced to pre-Buddhist burial mounds in India.
Stupa was generally a repository of relics. This statement is correct. Stupas are primarily known as repositories of relics. They often contain relics of the Buddha, his disciples, or other important figures in Buddhism.
Stupa was a votive and commemorative structure in Buddhist tradition. This statement is correct. In Buddhist tradition, stupas serve as votive and commemorative structures, built to honor significant events, teachings, and individuals in Buddhism.
43. With reference to ancient South India, Korkai, Poompuhar, and Muchiri were well known as
a) Capital cities
b) Ports
c) Centers of iron-and-steel making
d) Shrines of Jain Tirthankaras
Answer: b) Ports
Explanation: Korkai, Poompuhar (also known as Kaveripattinam), and Muchiri (also known as Muziris) were important ancient ports on the southern coast of India. They were crucial hubs of trade and commerce that facilitated maritime exchanges with the Roman Empire and other civilizations.
44. Which one of the following explains the practice of ‘Vattakirutal’ as mentioned in Sangam poems?
(a) Kings employing women bodyguards
(b) Learned persons assembling in royal courts to discuss religious and philosophical matters
(c) Young girls keeping watch over agricultural fields and driving away birds and animals
(d) A king defeated in a battle committing ritual suicide by starving himself to death
Answer: d) A king defeated in a battle committing ritual suicide by starving himself to death
Explanation: ‘Vattakirutal’ refers to the practice mentioned in Sangam literature where a defeated king would commit ritual suicide by fasting unto death. This was considered an honorable end for a king who had lost his power and did not want to live in shame.
45. Consider the following dynasties:
1. Hoysala
2. Gahadavala
3. Kakatiya
4. Yadava
How many of the above dynasties established their kingdoms in the early eighth century AD?
a) Only one
b) Only two
c) Only three
d) None
Answer: d) None
Explanation: None of the listed dynasties established their kingdoms in the early eighth century AD. The Hoysala, Kakatiya, and Yadava dynasties rose to prominence later, around the 11th to 12th centuries AD. The Gahadavala dynasty also rose to prominence around the 11th century.
46. With reference to ancient Indian History, consider the following pairs:
Literary work: Author
1. Devi Chandragupta : Bilhana
2. Hammira-Mahakavya : Nayachandra Suri
3. Milinda-panha : Nagarjuna
4. Nitivakyamrita : Somadeva Suri
How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?
(a) Only one
(b) Only two
(c) Only three
(d) All four
Answer: b) Only two
Explanation: Devi Chandragupta was written by Vishakhadatta, not Bilhana. The Hammira-Mahakavya was indeed written by Nayachandra Suri, and Nitivakyamrita was written by Somadeva Suri. The Milinda-panha is associated with Nagasena, a Buddhist sage, and not Nagarjuna.
47. “Souls are not only the property of animal and plant life but also of rocks, running water and many other natural objects not looked on as living by other religious sects.”
The above statement reflects one of the core beliefs of which one of the following religious sects of ancient India?
(a) Buddhism
(b) Jainism
(c) Shaivism
(d) Vaishnavism
Answer: b) Jainism
Explanation: The statement reflects Jainism’s principle of ‘Jiva’, which suggests that soul or consciousness is not just limited to animals and plants but extends to other entities such as rocks and water, which are typically not considered living by other religions. This belief is a part of the Jain doctrine of non-violence or ‘Ahimsa’, which holds that all living beings, regardless of their form, have a soul and are deserving of protection.
48. Who among the following rulers of Vijayanagara Empire constructed a large dam across Tungabhadra River and a canal-cum-aqueduct several kilometers long from the river to the capital city?
(a) Devaraya I
(b) Mallikarjuna
(c) Vira Vijaya
(d) Virupaksha
Answer: a) Devaraya I
Explanation: Devaraya I of the Vijayanagara Empire was responsible for significant irrigation works, including the construction of a dam across the Tungabhadra River. This irrigation infrastructure facilitated the transport of water through a canal-cum-aqueduct to the capital city, which was an engineering feat of its time, demonstrating the importance placed on water management by the rulers of Vijayanagara.
49. Who among the following rulers of medieval Gujarat surrendered Diu to the Portuguese?
(a) Ahmad Shah
(b) Mahmud Begarha
(c) Bahadur Shah
(d) Muhammad Shah
Answer: c) Bahadur Shah
Explanation: Bahadur Shah, the ruler of Gujarat, surrendered Diu to the Portuguese in the 16th century. This occurred during the Portuguese expansion in India, where they secured various coastal territories for trade purposes. The surrender of Diu was part of a strategic alliance against the Mughal Emperor Humayun, with the Portuguese offering Bahadur Shah military support in exchange for the territory.
TOPICS COVERED by U.P.S.C. for ANCIENT MEDEIVAL HISTORY PRELIMS 2023
From Old NCERT: The Harappan Civilisation, Jainism and Buddhism, Territorial States and the First Magadhan Empire, The Age of the Mauryas, The Age of the Satvahans, The Dawn of History in the Deep South, The Age of the Vijayanagar and the Bahaminids and the Coming of the Portuguese, India and the World: Age of the Three Empires.
2022
52. In medieval India, the term “Fanam” referred to:
(a) Clothing
(b) Coins
(c) Ornaments
(d) Weapons
Answer: b) Coins
Explanation: In medieval India, particularly in the southern regions, “Fanam” referred to coins. These were usually small silver or gold coins used as currency in trade and other economic transactions.
55. With reference to Indian history, consider the following texts:
1. Nettipakarana
2. Parishishtaparvan
3. Avadanashataka
4. Trishashtilakshana Mahapurana
Which of the above are Jaina texts?
(a) 1, 2, and 3
(b) 2 and 4 only
(c) 1, 3, and 4
(d) 2, 3, and 4
Answer: b) 2 and 4 only
Explanation: Parishishtaparvan is a Jaina text written by Hemachandra that gives a biographical account of Jain Tirthankaras and other figures. The Trishashtilakshana Mahapurana is another Jaina text that describes the lives of the 63 illustrious figures in Jain tradition, written by Hemachandra.
56. With reference to Indian history, consider the following pairs:
Historical person: Known as
1. Aryadeva — Jaina scholar
2. Dignaga — Buddhist scholar
3. Nathamuni — Vaishnava scholar
How many pairs given above are correctly matched?
(a) None of the pairs
(b) Only one pair
(c) Only two pairs
(d) All three pairs
Answer: c) Only two pairs
Explanation: Dignaga was indeed a Buddhist scholar and philosopher, known for his work on logic and epistemology. Nathamuni was a Vaishnava scholar, recognized for his contributions to the consolidation of the Nalayira Divya Prabandham. Aryadeva was a Buddhist scholar, not a Jaina scholar, making the first pair incorrect.
57. With reference to Indian history, consider the following statements:
1. The first Mongol invasion of India happened during the reign of Jalal-ud-din Khalji.
2. During the reign of Ala-ud-din Khalji, one Mongol assault marched up to Delhi and besieged the city.
3. Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq temporarily lost portions of the north-west of his kingdom to Mongolia.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3
(d) 3 only
Answer: b) 2 only
Explanation: The first Mongol invasion took place during the reign of Iltutmish, not Jalal-ud-din Khalji, making statement 1 incorrect. The second statement is correct; during Ala-ud-din Khalji’s reign, the Mongols reached Delhi but were repelled. Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq did face invasions but did not lose parts of his kingdom to Mongolia, making statement 3 incorrect.
58. With reference to Indian history, which of the following were known as “Kulah-Daran”?
(a) Arab merchants
(b) Qalandars
(c) Persian calligraphists
(d) Sayyids
Answer: d) Sayyids
Explanation: The term “Kulah-Daran” referred to the Sayyids, members of the Islamic community believed to be descendants of the Prophet Muhammad. The term “Kulah” is Persian for ‘cap,’ which the Sayyids often wore as a part of their attire, symbolizing their status.
59. With reference to Indian history, consider the following statements:
1. The Dutch established their factories/warehouses on the east coast in lands granted to them by Gajapati rulers.
2. Alfonso de Albuquerque captured Goa from the Bijapur Sultanate.
3. The English East India Company established a factory at Madras on a plot of land leased from a representative of the Vijayanagara Empire.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, and 3
Answer: b) 2 and 3 only
Explanation: Alfonso de Albuquerque did capture Goa from the Bijapur Sultanate, and the English East India Company did establish a factory at Madras on land leased from a representative of the Vijayanagara ruler. However, the Dutch established factories/warehouses primarily on the Coromandel coast, not necessarily in lands granted by Gajapati rulers, making the first statement incorrect.
60. According to Kautilya’s Arthashastra, which of the following are correct?
1. A person could be a slave as a result of a judicial punishment.
2. If a female slave bore her master a son, she was legally free.
3. If a son born to a female slave was fathered by her master, the son was entitled to the legal status of the master’s son.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, and 3
Answer: d) 1, 2, and 3
Explanation: Kautilya’s Arthashastra does outline these social norms and legalities regarding slavery. It permitted enslavement as a form of punishment, and there were provisions for the emancipation of a slave under certain conditions, including bearing a child to her master. Such children could inherit legal status from their father.
91. Consider the following pairs:
Site of Ashoka’s major rock edicts: Location in the State of
1. Dhauli— Odisha
2. Erragudi— Andhra Pradesh
3. Jaugada— Madhya Pradesh
4. Kalsi— Karnataka
How many pairs given above are correctly matched?
(a) Only one pair
(b) Only two pairs
(c) Only three pairs
(d) All four pairs
Answer: b) Only two pairs
Explanation: The locations of Ashoka’s major rock edicts are correctly identified for Dhauli, which is in Odisha, and Jaugada, which is also in Odisha (not Madhya Pradesh). Erragudi’s rock edicts are in Andhra Pradesh, but the pair is incorrectly matched in the question, and Kalsi is located in Uttarakhand, not Karnataka. Therefore, the correctly matched pairs, based on the options provided, are Dhauli and Jaugada with Odisha.
92. Consider the following pairs:
King: Dynasty
1. Nannuka — Chandela
2. Jayashakti — Paramara
3. Nagabhata II — Gurjara-Pratihara
4. Bhoja — Rashtrakuta
How many pairs given above are correctly matched?
(a) Only one pair
(b) Only two pairs
(c) Only three pairs
(d) All four pairs
Answer: b) Only two pairs
Explanation: Nagabhata II was indeed a ruler of the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty, and Bhoja is a well-known king of the Paramara dynasty (not Rashtrakuta). Nannuka is associated with the founding of the Chandela dynasty, and Jayashakti is also related to the Paramara dynasty. Therefore, two pairs are correctly matched: Nagabhata II with Gurjara-Pratihara and Bhoja (although with the wrong dynasty in the options).
93. Which one of the following statements about Sangam literature in ancient South India is correct?
(a) Sangam poems are devoid of any reference to material culture.
(b) The social classification of Varna was known to Sangam poets.
(c) Sangam poems have no reference to warrior ethics.
(d) Sangam literature refers to magical forces as irrational.
Answer: b) The social classification of Varna was known to Sangam poets.
Explanation: Sangam literature, which is a collection of Tamil poetry from ancient South India, reflects a society that was aware of the Varna system. Though the rigid practices of the caste system were not as pronounced in the South as they were in the North, the social classification system was known, and references to it are found in the texts.
94. “Yogavasistha” was translated into Persian by Nizamuddin Panipati during the reign of:
(a) Akbar
(b) Humayun
(c) Shahjahan
(d) Aurangzeb
Answer: a) Akbar
Explanation: “Yogavasistha,” a philosophical text, was translated into Persian during the reign of Akbar as part of his project to translate various important texts to enhance cultural understanding. Nizamuddin Panipati was one of the scholars involved in this translation effort, reflecting Akbar’s interest in promoting learning and scholarship.
95. The world’s second tallest statue in sitting pose of Ramanuja was inaugurated by the Prime Minister of India at Hyderabad recently. Which one of the following statements correctly represents the teachings of Ramanuja?
(a) The best means of salvation was devotion.
(b) Vedas are eternal, self-existent, and wholly authoritative.
(c) Logical arguments were an essential means for the highest bliss.
(d) Salvation was to be obtained through meditation.
Answer: a) The best means of salvation was devotion.
Explanation: Ramanuja, a prominent Vaishnavite theologian, emphasized the path of Bhakti or devotion as the most effective means to attain salvation. His teachings marked a significant departure from the ritualistic Vedic practices, emphasizing personal devotion to Vishnu as the supreme path to moksha.
96. The Prime Minister recently inaugurated the new Circuit House near Somnath Temple at Veraval. Which of the following statements are correct regarding Somnath Temple?
1. Somnath Temple is one of the Jyotirlinga shrines.
2. A description of Somnath Temple was given by Al-Biruni.
3. Pran Pratishtha of Somnath Temple (installation of the present-day temple) was done by President S. Radhakrishnan.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: a) 1 and 2 only
Explanation: The Somnath Temple is indeed one of the twelve Jyotirlinga shrines mentioned in Hindu scriptures. Al-Biruni, the Persian scholar, provided an account of the temple during his time in India. However, the statement regarding Pran Pratishtha being done by President S. Radhakrishnan is incorrect; the ceremony was performed after India’s independence but not by him.
TOPICS COVERED by U.P.S.C. for ANCIENT MEDEIVAL HISTORY PRELIMS 2022
From Old NCERT: Territorial States and the First Magadhan Empire, Jainism and Buddhism, The Age of the Mauryas, The Age of the Satvahans, The Age of the Vijayanagar and the Bahaminids and the Coming of the Portuguese, Struggle for Empire in North India 1, Struggle for Empire in North India 2, The Deccan and South India, Cultural Development in India (13th to 15th C), Climax and Disintegration of the Mughal Empire-1, Climax and Disintegration of the Mughal Empire-2.
2021
31. With reference to Chausath Yogini Temple situated near Morena, consider the following statements:
(1) It is a circular temple built during the reign of Kachchh Apnakhata Dynasty.
(2) It is the only circular temple built in India.
(3) It was meant to promote the Vaishnava cult in the region.
(4) Its design has given rise to a popular belief that it was the inspiration behind the Indian Parliament building.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
a) 1 and 2
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1 and 4
d) 2, 3 and 4
Answer: c) 1 and 4
Explanation: The Chausath Yogini Temple near Morena is indeed circular and one of the rare circular temple architectures in India, primarily dedicated to a sect of Yoginis. It was not explicitly built for promoting the Vaishnava cult but rather is associated with a sect of Tantra. Its unique design has led to speculation (though not definitively proven) that it inspired the architectural design of the Indian Parliament.
32. Which one of the following ancient towns is well-known for its elaborate system of water harvesting and management by building a series of dams and channelizing water into connected reservoirs?
(a) Dholavira
(b) Kalibangan
(c) Rakhigarhi
(d) Ropar
Answer: a) Dholavira
Explanation: Dholavira, one of the prominent sites of the Indus Valley Civilization located in present-day Gujarat, India, is renowned for its sophisticated water management system. This system included the construction of dams, reservoirs, and channels to conserve and utilize water, reflecting advanced urban planning and engineering skills.
33. In the first quarter of the seventeenth century, in which of the following was/were the factory/factories of the English East India Company located?
1. Broach
2. Chicacole
3. Trichinopoly
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a)1 only
(b)1 and 2
(c)3 only
(d)2 and 3
Answer: (a)1 only
Explanation: During the first quarter of the seventeenth century, the English East India Company had established a factory in Broach (now Bharuch). It was one of their earliest establishments as they sought to consolidate their trade in textiles and other goods. Chicacole and Trichinopoly became prominent much later.
34. From the decline of Guptas until the rise of Harshavardhana in the early seventh century, which of the following kingdoms were holding power in Northern India?
1. The Guptas of Magadha
2. The Paramaras of Malwa
3. The Pushyabhutis of Thanesar
4. The Maukharis of Kanauj
5. The Yadavas of Devagiri
6. The Maitrakas of Valabhi
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1, 2 and 5 only
(b) 1, 3, 4 and 6 only
(c) 2, 3 and 4 only
(d) 5 and 6 only
Answer: b) 1, 3, 4 and 6 only
Explanation: After the decline of the Guptas, several regional powers emerged in Northern India, including the Pushyabhutis of Thanesar, who played a significant role in the establishment of the Harshavardhana’s empire, and the Maukharis of Kanauj, who were prominent before being subsumed into Harsha’s empire. The Maitrakas of Valabhi also rose to prominence in the region of Gujarat during this period.
35. According to the Portuguese writer Nuniz, the women in Vijayanagara Empire were expert in which of the following areas?
1. Wrestling
2. Astrology
3. Accounting
4. Soothsaying
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Answer: d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Explanation: According to the accounts of Nuniz, women in the Vijayanagara Empire were versatile and skilled in various fields including wrestling, astrology, accounting, and soothsaying. This reflects the diverse roles and expertise women held in the empire, showcasing a complex social structure.
37. Consider the following pairs:
Historical place: Well-known for
1. Burzahom: Rock-cut shrines
2. Chandraketugarh: Terracotta art
3. Ganeshwar: Copper artifacts
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 2 and 3 only
Answer: d) 2 and 3 only
Explanation: Chandraketugarh is known for its terracotta art, reflecting the craftsmanship that flourished in ancient Bengal. Ganeshwar, located in Rajasthan, is recognized for its copper artifacts, indicative of early metallurgical skills. Burzahom, however, is not known for rock-cut shrines but for its Neolithic and Megalithic site features, including pit-dwellings.
38. Consider the following statements:
1. It was during the reign of Iltutmish that Chengiz Khan reached the Indus in pursuit of the fugitive Khwarezm prince.
2. It was during the reign of Muhammad-bin-Tughluq that Taimur occupied Multan and crossed the Indus.
3. It was during the reign of Deva Raya II of Vijayanagara Empire that Vasco da Gama reached the coast of Kerala.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 2 and 3 only
Answer: a) 1 only
Explanation: The statement that during Iltutmish’s reign Chengiz Khan reached the Indus is correct. However, Taimur invaded India and reached near Delhi during the reign of Mahmud Tughluq, not Muhammad-bin-Tughluq. Vasco da Gama reached Kerala during the reign of a Zamorin ruler in Calicut, not during the reign of Deva Raya II of the Vijayanagara Empire.
39. Consider the following statements:
(1) St. Francis Xavier was one of the founding members of the Jesuit Order.
(2) St. Francis Xavier died in Goa and a church is dedicated to him there.
(3) The Feast of St. Francis Xavier is celebrated in Goa each year.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
a)1 and 2 only
b)2 and 3 only
c)1 and 3 only
d)1, 2 and 3
Answer: b) 2 and 3 only
Explanation: St. Francis Xavier, though a prominent Jesuit missionary, was not a founding member of the Jesuit Order; that credit goes to St. Ignatius of Loyola and his companions. St. Francis Xavier did die off the coast of China but his remains were brought to Goa, where the Basilica of Bom Jesus, which houses his relics, is located. The feast of St. Francis Xavier is indeed an annual event celebrated with great fervor in Goa.
40. With reference to the history of ancient India, which of the following statements is/are correct?
1. Mitakshara was the civil law for upper castes and Dayabhaga was the civil law for lower castes.
2. In the Mitakshara system, the sons can claim right to the property during the lifetime of the father, whereas in the Dayabhaga system, it is only after the death of the father that the sons can claim right to the property.
3. The Mitakshara system deals with the matters related to the property held by male members only of a family, whereas the Dayabhaga system deals with the matters related to the property held by both male and female members of a family.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3
(d) 3 only
Answer: b) 2 only
Explanation: The Mitakshara and Dayabhaga are two major legal doctrines concerning inheritance and property rights within Hindu law, not distinguished by caste. The key difference lies in the timing of when sons can claim their inheritance: under Mitakshara, sons acquire rights by birth, while under Dayabhaga, such rights are established upon the father’s death.
41. With reference to the history of ancient India, Bhavabhuti, Hastimalla and Kshemeshvara were famous
(a) Jain monks
(b) Playwrights
(c) Temple architects
(d) Philosophers
Answer: b) Playwrights
Explanation: Bhavabhuti is well-known as an ancient Indian playwright, celebrated for his plays such as Malatimadhava and Uttararamacharita. The other names, though less commonly recognized, are presented in a context that suggests they are being categorized similarly to Bhavabhuti, hence the classification as playwrights.
45. With reference to medieval India, which one of the following is the correct sequence in ascending order in terms of size?
(a) Paragana-Sarkar-Suba
(b) Sarkar-Paragana-Suba
(c) Suba-Sarkar-Paragana
(d) Paragana-Suba-Sarkar
Answer: a) Paragana-Sarkar-Suba
Explanation: In the administrative hierarchy of Mughal India, a Paragana was a smaller administrative unit, followed by Sarkar, which comprised multiple Paraganas. Suba, or province, was the largest administrative division, encompassing several Sarkars.
48. With reference to Indian history, which of the following statements is/are correct?
(1) The Nizamat of Arcot emerged from Hyderabad state.
(2) The Mysore Kingdom emerged from the Vijayanagara empire.
(3) Rohilkhand kingdom was formed out of the territories occupied by Ahmad Shah Durrani.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3
(d) 3 only
Answer: b) 2 only
Explanation: The Mysore Kingdom did indeed emerge from the disintegration of the Vijayanagara Empire, establishing itself as a significant regional power. The Nizamat of Arcot was initially part of the Mughal Empire’s Carnatic region and not a direct offshoot of Hyderabad State. Rohilkhand was a region in North India and not specifically formed from territories occupied by Ahmad Shah Durrani.
TOPICS COVERED by U.P.S.C. for ANCIENT MEDEIVAL HISTORY PRELIMS 2021
From OLD NCERT: The Harappan Civilisation, Jainism and Buddhism, The Age of the Mauryas, The Age of the Guptas, The Age of the Vijayanagar and the Bahaminids and the Coming of the Portuguese, Delhi Sultanate (1200-1400AD), Cultural Development in India (13th to 15th C).
2020
24. Consider the following events in the history of India:
1. Rise of Pratiharas under King Bhoja
2. Establishment of Pallava power under Mahendravarman-I
3. Establishment of Chola power by Parantaka-I
4. Pala dynasty founded by Gopala
What is the correct chronological order of the above events, starting from the earliest time?
(a) 2 – 1 – 4 – 3
(b) 3 – 1 – 4 – 2
(c) 2 – 4 – 1 – 3
(d) 3 – 4 – 1 – 2
Answer: c) 2 – 4 – 1 – 3
Explanation: The correct chronological order starts with the establishment of Pallava power under Mahendravarman-I in the 6th century, followed by the foundation of the Pala dynasty by Gopala in the 8th century. The rise of the Pratiharas under King Bhoja came later in the 9th century, and the establishment of Chola power by Parantaka-I occurred in the late 9th to early 10th century.
25. Which of the following phrases defines the nature of the ‘Hundi’ generally referred to in the sources of the post-Harsha period?
(a) An advisory issued by the king to his subordinates
(b) A diary to be maintained for daily accounts
(c) A bill of exchange
(d) An order from the feudal lord to his subordinates
Answer: c) A bill of exchange
Explanation: A ‘Hundi’ refers to a financial instrument that was used in ancient and medieval India, similar to a bill of exchange. It was a method used by merchants for the transfer of funds from one place to another through an intermediary, usually a banker or a merchant, which facilitated trade and commerce.
29. With reference to the history of India, the terms ‘kulyavapa’ and ‘dronavapa’ denote
(a) measurement of land
(b) coins of different monetary value
(c) classification of urban land
(d) religious rituals
Answer: a) measurement of land
Explanation: ‘Kulyavapa’ and ‘dronavapa’ are ancient Indian units of land measurement used during various periods in history. These terms reflect the system of land measurement and management in agricultural practices.
30. Who among the following rulers advised his subjects through this inscription?
“Whosoever praises his religious sect or blames other sects out of excessive devotion to his own sect, with the view of glorifying his own sect, he rather injures his own sect very severely.”
(a) Ashoka
(b) Samudragupta
(c) Harshavardhana
(d) Krishanadeva Raya
Answer: a) Ashoka
Explanation: Emperor Ashoka, after converting to Buddhism, advocated for religious tolerance and harmony among different religious communities. This inscription is reflective of Ashoka’s philosophy towards religious tolerance, encouraging respect and understanding among followers of different sects.
36. With reference to the scholars/litterateurs of ancient India, consider the following statements:
1. Panini is associated with Pushyamitra
2. Amarasimha is associated with Harshavardhana
3. Kalidasa is associated with Chandra Gupta-II
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: c) 3 only
Explanation: Kalidasa, one of the greatest Sanskrit poets and dramatists, is traditionally associated with the court of Chandragupta II, a Gupta emperor. This association places him in the golden age of Sanskrit literature. Panini, the ancient Sanskrit grammarian, predated Pushyamitra by centuries and is not associated with any specific ruler. Amarasimha, known for his work “Amarakosha,” is also traditionally linked to the court of Chandragupta II, not Harshavardhana.
82. With reference to the period of Gupta dynasty in ancient India, the towns Ghantasala, Kadura and Chaul were known as
(a) ports handling foreign trade
(b) capitals of powerful kingdoms
(c) places of exquisite stone art and architecture
(d) important of Buddhist pilgrimage centers
Answer: a) ports handling foreign trade
Explanation: During the Gupta period and beyond, towns like Ghantasala, Kadura, and Chaul were known as important ports that facilitated foreign trade. These ports were crucial in the exchange of goods between India and other parts of the world, including Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and the eastern coast of Africa, thus playing a vital role in the economic prosperity of the region.
TOPICS COVERED by U.P.S.C. for ANCIENT MEDEIVAL HISTORY PRELIMS 2020
From OLD NCERT: The Age of the Mauryas, The Age of the Guptas, The Age of the Vijayanagar and the Bahaminids and the Coming of the Portuguese.
2019
1. With reference to Mughal India, what is/are the difference/differences between Jagirdar and Zamindar?
1. Jagirdars were holders of land assignments in lieu of judicial and police duties, whereas Zamindars were holders of revenue rights without obligation to perform any duty other than revenue collection.
2. Land assignments to Jagirdars were hereditary and revenue rights of Zamindars were not hereditary.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: d) Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation: In Mughal India, jagirdars were assigned land revenues as a salary for their service to the empire, not specifically for performing judicial and police duties. These assignments were not necessarily hereditary and could be reassigned or changed. On the other hand, zamindars were typically hereditary landowners responsible for collecting and remitting state revenues, maintaining local order, and were not directly given land in lieu of services like jagirdars. Therefore, both statements as presented are misleading or incorrect in the context provided.
7. Which one of the following is not a Harappan site?
(a) Chanhudaro
(b) Kot Diji
(c) Sohgaura
(d) Desalpur
Answer: c) Sohgaura
Explanation: Sohgaura is not a Harappan site; it is more commonly associated with a later period and is situated in Uttar Pradesh, India. It is known for the Sohgaura copper plate, an important inscription related to ancient Indian history. Chanhudaro, Kot Diji, and Desalpur are all associated with the Indus Valley Civilization or its cultural milieu.
8. In which of the following relief sculpture inscriptions is ‘Ranyo Ashoka’ (King Ashoka) mentioned along with the stone portrait of Ashoka?
(a) Kanganahalli
(b) Sanchi
(c) Shahbazgarhi
(d) Sohgaura
Answer: a) Kanganahalli
Explanation: The relief sculpture at Kanganahalli is significant because it is one of the rare instances where a stone portrait of Ashoka is mentioned along with the label ‘Ranyo Ashoka’ in an inscription. This site provides valuable archaeological evidence concerning the depiction and acknowledgment of Ashoka in ancient Indian art.
9. Consider the following features of Mahayana Buddhism:
1. Deification of the Buddha
2. Treading the path of Bodhisattvas
3. Image worship and rituals
Which of the above is/are the features of Mahayana Buddhism?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: d) 1, 2 and 3
Explanation: All listed features are characteristic of Mahayana Buddhism. This branch emphasizes the deification of the Buddha, encourages followers to aspire to become Bodhisattvas (enlightened beings), and incorporates image worship and elaborate rituals, distinguishing it from the more austere Theravada tradition.
10. With reference to forced labor (Vishti) in India during the Gupta period, which one of the following statements is correct?
(a) It was considered a source of income for the State, a sort of tax paid by the people.
(b) It was totally absent in the Madhya Pradesh and Kathiawar regions of the Gupta Empire.
(c) The forced laborer was entitled to weekly wages.
(d) The eldest son of the laborer was sent as the forced laborer.
Answer: a) It was considered a source of income for the State, a sort of tax paid by the people.
Explanation: During the Gupta period, Vishti referred to forced labor or compulsory service demanded by the state from the people. It was a form of unpaid labor and was seen as a fiscal obligation, akin to a tax. Such labor was used for public works like roads, forts, irrigation, and royal service. It was especially burdensome on the lower classes and was recognized as one of the exploitative mechanisms of the state during that time.
11. Building ‘Kalyana Mandapam’ was a notable feature in the temple construction in the kingdom of:
(a) Chalukya
(b) Chandela
(c) Rashtrakuta
(d) Vijayanagara
Answer: d) Vijayanagara
Explanation: The Vijayanagara Empire was renowned for its distinctive architectural style, which included the construction of ‘Kalyana Mandapams’ or marriage halls within temple complexes. These structures were used for conducting wedding ceremonies and other rituals, reflecting the social and religious life of the time. The intricate architecture and elaborate carvings of these halls are notable features of Vijayanagara temple construction.
12. Consider the following statements regarding the revenue administration of the Delhi Sultanate:
1. In the revenue administration of Delhi Sultanate, the in-charge of revenue collection was known as ‘Amil’.
2. The iqta system of Sultans of Delhi was an ancient indigenous institution.
3. The office of ‘Mir Bakshi’ came into existence during the reign of Khalji Sultans of Delhi.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: a) 1 only
Explanation: The term ‘Amil’ indeed refers to the official in charge of revenue collection in the Delhi Sultanate, making statement 1 correct. The iqta system, while integral to the Delhi Sultanate’s administrative practices, was not an ancient indigenous institution but was inspired by similar systems elsewhere in the Islamic world, making statement 2 incorrect. The office of ‘Mir Bakshi’, associated with military and financial appointments, became prominent during the Mughal era, not during the Khalji dynasty, thus statement 3 is incorrect.
13. Consider the following statements regarding scholars/litterateurs of ancient India:
1. Saint Nimbarka was a contemporary of Akbar.
2. Saint Kabir was greatly influenced by Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: d) Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation: Saint Nimbarka, a philosopher and theologian known for propagating the Dvaitadvaita school of Vedanta, lived much earlier than the time of Akbar, making statement 1 incorrect. Saint Kabir, a 15th-century mystic poet and saint of India, was not influenced by Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi, who lived in the 16th and 17th centuries, after Kabir’s time, making statement 2 incorrect as well.
16. With reference to Mian Tansen, which one of the following statements is not correct?
(a) Tansen was the title given to him by Emperor Akbar.
(b) Tansen composed Dhrupads on Hindu gods and goddesses.
(c) Tansen composed songs for his patrons.
(d) Tansen invented many Ragas.
Answer: a) Tansen was the title given to him by Emperor Akbar.
Explanation: Tansen, one of the greatest musicians in Indian history, was indeed a prominent figure in Akbar’s court, but his title ‘Mian’ was an honorific and a mark of respect, not specifically given by Akbar. Tansen did compose Dhrupads, dedicated songs to his patrons, and is credited with inventing or popularizing many ragas, which makes the other statements correct.
17. Who among the following Mughal Emperors shifted emphasis from illustrated manuscripts to album and individual portrait?
(a) Humayun
(b) Akbar
(c) Jahangir
(d) Shah Jahan
Answer: c) Jahangir
Explanation: Jahangir, known for his deep interest in art and culture, significantly shifted the Mughal artistic focus from illustrated manuscripts to album paintings and individual portraits. Jahangir’s reign is noted for its achievements in the arts, particularly the detailed nature studies and individual and group portraits, underscoring his personal taste and inclination towards realism and individual expression.
TOPICS COVERED by U.P.S.C. for ANCIENT MEDEIVAL HISTORY PRELIMS 2019
From OLD NCERT:The Age of the Mauryas, The Age of the Guptas, Delhi Sultanate (1200-1400AD), The Age of the Vijayanagar and the Bahaminids and the Coming of the Portuguese, Cultural Development in India (13th to 15th C), Government Economic Social Life under Delhi Sultanate, The Age of Akbar.
2018
71. With reference to the religious practices in India, the “Sthanakvasi” sect belongs to
(a) Buddhism
(b) Jainism
(c) Vaishnavism
(d) Shaivism
Answer: b) Jainism
Explanation: The Sthanakvasi sect is a group within Jainism. They emerged as a reform movement against certain practices they viewed as ritualistic and corrupt, distancing themselves from idol worship and temple visitation, emphasizing simplicity and asceticism. They worship in assembly halls or ‘Sthanak’ instead of temples, hence the name Sthanakvasi.
72. With reference to the cultural history of India, consider the following statements:
1. White marble was used in making Buland Darwaza and Khankah at Fatehpur Sikri.
2. Red Sandstone and marble were used in making Bara Imambara and Rumi Darwaza in Lucknow.
Which of the following statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: d) Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation: Buland Darwaza at Fatehpur Sikri is predominantly constructed from red sandstone, not white marble. Similarly, Bara Imambara and Rumi Darwaza in Lucknow are primarily made of limestone and not red sandstone and marble. These structures are renowned for their architectural beauty but the materials attributed to them in the statements are incorrect.
73. Which one of the following foreign travelers elaborately discussed diamonds and diamond mines of India?
(a) Francois Bernier
(b) Jean-Baptiste Tavernier
(c) Jean de Thevenot
(d) Abbe Barthelemy Carre
Answer: b) Jean-Baptiste Tavernier
Explanation: Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, a French gem merchant and traveler, is renowned for his detailed accounts of the diamond mines in India. During his travels, he visited numerous mining areas, and his observations provided valuable insights into the techniques used in diamond mining and trade in India during the 17th century.
74. With reference to Indian History, who among the following is a future Buddha, yet to come to save the world?
(a) Avalokiteshvara
(b) Lokesvara
(c) Maitreya
(d) Padmapani
Answer: c) Maitreya
Explanation: Maitreya is regarded in Buddhist traditions as the future Buddha who will appear on Earth, achieve complete enlightenment, and teach the pure dharma. Maitreya is prophesied to be a successor to the current Buddha, Gautama Buddha, and is expected to help humanity achieve enlightenment.
TOPICS COVERED by U.P.S.C. for ANCIENT MEDEIVAL HISTORY PRELIMS 2018
From OLD NCERT: Jainism and Buddhism, The Age of Akbar, Cultural Development in India (13th to 15th C).
2017
2. With reference to the difference between the culture of Rigvedic Aryans and Indus Valley people, which of the following statements is/are correct?
1. Rigvedic Aryans used the coat of mail and helmet in warfare whereas the people of Indus Valley Civilization did not leave any evidence of using them.
2. Rigvedic Aryans knew gold, silver, and copper whereas Indus Valley people knew only copper and iron.
3. Rigvedic Aryans had domesticated the horse whereas there is no evidence of Indus Valley people having been aware of this animal.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: c) 1 and 3 only
Explanation: The Rigvedic Aryans are known to have used coats of mail and helmets in warfare, reflecting their advancement in military technology, a feature not evidenced in the remains of the Indus Valley Civilization. The statement about metals is incorrect because Indus Valley people were familiar with gold and copper but not with iron, which became widely used only in the later Vedic period. Rigvedic Aryans indeed domesticated horses, an aspect crucial to their military and cultural practices, whereas no definitive evidence suggests that the Indus Valley people were acquainted with horses.
51. Which one of the following was a very important seaport in the Kakatiya kingdom?
(a) Kakinada
(b) Motupalli
(c) Machilipatnam (Masulipatnam)
(d) Nellore
Answer: b) Motupalli
Explanation: Motupalli served as an important seaport during the Kakatiya kingdom, facilitating trade and commerce. It played a significant role in the economic history of the Kakatiya period, connecting the kingdom with other regions through maritime trade.
53. With reference to the religious history of India, consider the following statements:
1. Sautrantika and Sammitiya were the sects of Jainism.
2. Sarvastivadin held that the constituents of phenomena were not wholly momentary but existed forever in a latent form.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: b) 2 only
Explanation: The Sautrantika and Sammitiya were not sects of Jainism but were schools within Buddhism. The Sautrantika was a school of thought that argued for the existence of external objects perceived directly by the consciousness, contrasting with the more idealistic schools. Sarvastivadin, another Buddhist philosophical school, held the view that all dharmas (constituents of phenomena) exist in the past, present, and future, which is correctly described in statement 2. They posited that dharmas were not momentary but had an existence that stretched beyond the immediate present.
TOPICS COVERED by U.P.S.C. for ANCIENT MEDEIVAL HISTORY PRELIMS 2017
From OLD NCERT: The Later Vedic Age: Transition to State and Social Order, The Age of the Guptas, Territorial States and the First Magadhan Empire.
2016
17. With reference to the cultural history of medieval India, consider the following statements:
1. Siddhas (Sittars) of the Tamil region were monotheistic and condemned idolatry.
2. Lingayats of the Kannada region questioned the theory of rebirth and rejected the caste hierarchy.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: c) Both 1 and 2
Explanation: Siddhas or Sittars from the Tamil region indeed focused on a form of monotheism, emphasizing personal and direct experience of God and were critical of idol worship. Similarly, the Lingayats, a distinct Shaivite religious tradition in the Kannada region, rejected both the caste system and the traditional Hindu concept of rebirth, making both statements correct.
38. Banjaras during the medieval period of Indian history were generally
(a) agriculturists
(b) warriors
(c) weavers
(d) traders
Answer: d) traders
Explanation: Banjaras were traditionally known to be nomadic traders and transporters in medieval India. They played a crucial role in the economic framework, especially in transporting grains and other goods across different regions.
39. Who of the following had first deciphered the edicts of Emperor Ashoka?
(a) Georg Buhler
(b) James Prinsep
(c) Max Muller
(d) William Jones
Answer: b) James Prinsep
Explanation: James Prinsep, an English scholar and orientalist, is credited with deciphering the Brahmi script, which enabled the reading of Ashoka’s edicts. His work laid the foundation for understanding much of ancient Indian history and culture.
50. With reference to the religious history of India, consider the following statements:
1. The concept of Bodhisattva is central to the Hinayana sect of Buddhism.
2. Bodhisattva is a compassionate one on his way to enlightenment.
3. Bodhisattva delays achieving his own salvation to help all sentient beings on their path to it.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 2 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: b) 2 and 3 only
Explanation: The concept of Bodhisattva is central to Mahayana Buddhism, not Hinayana (Theravada). A Bodhisattva in Mahayana Buddhism is someone who seeks enlightenment not only for themselves but also for all beings, showing immense compassion and altruism by delaying their own nirvana to assist others.
80. In the context of the history of India, consider the following pairs:
Term: Description
1. Eripatti: Land, revenue from which was set apart for the maintenance of the village tank
2. Taniyurs: Villages donated to a single Brahmin or a group of Brahmins
3. Ghatikas: Colleges generally attached to the temples
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
(a) 1 and 2
(b) Only 3
(c) 2 and 3
(d) 1 and 3
Answer: (d) 1 and 3
Explanation: Eripatti refers to the land assigned for the maintenance of water bodies, primarily village tanks, which is crucial for agriculture, especially in South India. Ghatikas were indeed educational institutions, often associated with temples, serving as ancient centers of learning. Taniyurs were usually tax-free lands granted to Brahmins or temples, not necessarily donated villages.
88. With reference to the economic history of medieval India, the term ‘Araghatta’ refers to
(a) bonded labour
(b) land grants made to military officers
(c) waterwheel used in the irrigation of land
(d) wasteland converted to cultivated land
Answer: c) waterwheel used in the irrigation of land
Explanation: The term ‘Araghatta’ refers to the waterwheel system that was used in medieval India for irrigation purposes. It represents an important technological advancement in agriculture, allowing for the effective watering of crops and thus contributing to agricultural productivity.
TOPICS COVERED by U.P.S.C. for ANCIENT MEDEIVAL HISTORY PRELIMS 2016
From OLD NCERT: Jainism and Buddhism, The Age of the Guptas, Cultural Development in India (13th to 15th C), Delhi Sultanate (1200-1400AD), The Age of Akbar.
2015
10. Which one of the following books of ancient India has the love story of the son of the founder of Sunga dynasty?
(a) Swapnavasavadatta
(b) Malavikagnimitra
(c) Meghadoota
(d) Ratnavali
Answer: b) Malavikagnimitra
Explanation: Malavikagnimitra is a Sanskrit play by Kalidasa that tells the love story between King Agnimitra, who was the son of Pushyamitra Sunga, the founder of the Sunga Dynasty, and the beautiful princess Malavika.
35. Consider the following pairs:
Medieval Indian State: Present Region
1. Champaka : Central India
2. Durgara : Jammu
3. Kuluta : Malabar
Which of the above pairs is/are correctly matched?
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3
(d) 3 only
Answer: b) 2 only
Explanation: Durgara corresponds correctly to the Jammu region. Champaka is not in Central India but was more toward the eastern region, and Kuluta does not align with Malabar but rather with the region in the Himalayas (modern Kullu).
39. Which of the following kingdoms were associated with the life of the Buddha?
1. Avanti
2. Gandhara
3. Kosala
4. Magadha
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 2 and 4
(c) 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 3 and 4
Answer: c) 3 and 4 only
Explanation: Kosala and Magadha were directly associated with the life of the Buddha. He was born in the Shakya clan, located at the periphery of Kosala, and attained enlightenment in Bodh Gaya, Magadha. Avanti and Gandhara were also significant kingdoms at the time but are not directly tied to key events in Buddha’s life.
41. Consider the following: The arrival of Babur into India led to the
1. introduction of gunpowder in the subcontinent
2. introduction of the arch and dome in the region’s architecture
3. establishment of Timurid dynasty in the region
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: c) 1 and 3 only
Explanation: The arrival of Babur led to the introduction of gunpowder and firearms in Indian warfare and established the Timurid dynasty in the region, which later became known as the Mughal Empire. The use of arches and domes in architecture was already known in India before Babur, particularly through earlier Islamic architecture.
47. Who of the following founded a new city on the south bank of a tributary to river Krishna and undertook to rule his new kingdom as the agent of a deity to whom all the land south of the river Krishna was supposed to belong?
(a) Amoghavarsha I
(b) Ballala II
(c) Harihara I
(d) Prataparudra II
Answer: c) Harihara I
Explanation: Harihara I, along with his brother Bukka Raya I, founded the city of Vijayanagara and established the Vijayanagara Empire. They ruled as agents of the deity Virupaksha (a form of Lord Shiva), to whom they dedicated their kingdom.
55. With reference to Indian history, which of the following is/are the essential element/elements of the feudal system?
1. A very strong centralized political authority and a very weak provincial or local political authority.
2. Emergence of administrative structure based on control and possession of land
3. Creation of lord-vassal relationship between the feudal lord and his overlord
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 3 only
(d) 1,2,3
Answer: b) 2 and 3
Explanation: The feudal system is characterized by the emergence of administrative structures based on land control and a hierarchical relationship between a lord and his vassal, involving obligations and protection. A very strong centralized authority is typically not a feature of feudalism, which often involves more localized power centers.
TOPICS COVERED by U.P.S.C. for ANCIENT MEDEIVAL HISTORY PRELIMS 2015
From OLD NCERT: Jainism and Buddhism, Vijaynagar and the Bahamanids, The Age of the Guptas, Cultural Development in India (13th to 15th C), The Age of Akbar, Territorial States and the First Magadhan Empire.
2014
21. In medieval India, the designations ‘Mahattara’ and ‘Pattakila’ were used for
(a) military officers
(b) village headmen
(c) specialists in Vedic rituals
(d) chiefs of craft guilds
Answer: b) village headmen
Explanation: In medieval India, the terms ‘Mahattara’ and ‘Pattakila’ referred to village headmen or leaders within the local governance structure. These officials played key roles in administration, coordination, and communication within the village community, acting as intermediaries between the village and higher levels of government.
25. Which of the following kingdoms were associated with the life of the Buddha?
1. Avanti
2. Gandhara
3. Kosala
4. Magadha
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1, 2, and 3
(b) 2 and 4
(c) 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 3, and 4
Answer: c) 3 and 4 only
Explanation: Kosala and Magadha were two kingdoms directly associated with the life of the Buddha. He was born in the Shakya clan, which was located at the edge of the Kosala kingdom, and he attained enlightenment in Bodh Gaya, which was in the kingdom of Magadha. While he traveled through various regions, including Avanti and Gandhara, his primary associations were with Kosala and Magadha.
47. Which one of the following pairs does not form part of the six systems of Indian Philosophy?
(a) Mimamsa and Vedanta
(b) Nyaya and Vaisheshika
(c) Lokayata and Kapalika
(d) Sankhya and Yoga
Answer: c) Lokayata and Kapalika
Explanation: The six orthodox systems of Indian philosophy include Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Sankhya, Yoga, Mimamsa, and Vedanta. Lokayata and Kapalika are not part of these systems; Lokayata refers to a materialistic and atheistic school of thought, while Kapalika is associated with a sect of Saivism, which is distinct from the philosophical schools listed in the orthodox systems.
93. Ibadat Khana at Fatehpur Sikri was
(a) the mosque for the use of Royal Family
(b) Akbar’s private chamber prayer
(c) the hall in which Akbar held discussions with scholars of various religions.
(d) the room in which the nobles belonging to different religions gathered to discuss religious affairs
Answer: c) the hall in which Akbar held discussions with scholars of various religions.
Explanation: The Ibadat Khana, or House of Worship, at Fatehpur Sikri was established by Emperor Akbar as a venue for religious discourse and discussion. It was here that Akbar engaged with scholars from various religious backgrounds, including Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Jains, Zoroastrians, and others, to discuss and debate their faiths and beliefs. These discussions reflected Akbar’s interest in promoting religious tolerance and understanding.
TOPICS COVERED by U.P.S.C. for ANCIENT MEDEIVAL HISTORY PRELIMS 2014
From OLD NCERT: Jainism and Buddhism, Territorial States and the First Magadhan Empire, Cultural Development in India (13th to 15th C), The Age of Akbar.
Modern History
2023
50. By which one of the following Acts was the Governor General of Bengal designated as the Governor General of India?
(a) The Regulating Act
(b) The Pitt’s India Act
(c) The Charter Act of 1793
(d) The Charter Act of 1833
Answer: d) The Charter Act of 1833
Explanation: The Charter Act of 1833 marked a significant change in British administrative policy in India. It designated the Governor General of Bengal as the Governor General of India, centralizing administrative authority. This act extended the jurisdiction of the Governor-General to cover all of British India, which was a crucial step towards creating a more unified British administrative structure in India. Lord William Bentinck became the first Governor-General of India under this act.
81. With reference to Indian History, Alexander Rea, A. H. Longhurst, Robert Sewell, James Burgess, and Walter Elliot were associated with
(a) archaeological excavations
(b) establishment of English Press in Colonial India
(c) establishment of Churches in Princely States
(d) construction of railways in Colonial India
Answer: a) archaeological excavations
Explanation: Alexander Rea, A. H. Longhurst, Robert Sewell, James Burgess, and Walter Elliot were renowned archaeologists who significantly contributed to the archaeological exploration and documentation in India. They were involved in excavating and studying historical sites, which played a crucial role in understanding India’s past. Their work helped preserve India’s cultural heritage and provided insights into its history and civilizations.
83. Consider the following statements:
Statement-I: 7th August is declared as the National Handloom Day.
Statement-II: It was in 1905 that the Swadeshi Movement was launched on the same day.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I
(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I
(c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect
(d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct
Answer: a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I
Explanation: 7th August is indeed celebrated as National Handloom Day in India, commemorating the Swadeshi Movement’s launch on this day in 1905. The movement advocated the use of domestic products and the boycott of British goods to promote self-reliance and India’s indigenous industries, including handlooms. Recognizing this significant historical event, National Handloom Day highlights the contribution of the handloom industry to India’s socioeconomic development and cultural heritage.
TOPICS COVERED by U.P.S.C. for MODERN HISTORY PRELIMS 2023
Expansion and Consolidation of British Power in India, Socio- Religious Reform Movements: General Features, Beginning of Modern Nationalism in India, Emergence of Gandhi, Civil Disobedience Movement and Round Table Conference, Survey of British Policies in India, Economic Impact of British Rule in India.
2022
51. In the Government of India Act 1919, the functions of Provincial Government were divided into “Reserved” and “Transferred” subjects. Which of the following were treated as “Reserved” subjects?
1. Administration of Justice
2. Local Self-Government
3. Land Revenue
4. Police
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2, and 3
(b) 2, 3, and 4
(c) 1, 3, and 4
(d) 1, 2, and 4
Answer: c) 1, 3, and 4
Explanation: In the Government of India Act 1919, reserved subjects were those over which the provincial governments had no real control and were administered by the governor and his executive council. These typically included critical and sensitive areas like Administration of Justice, Land Revenue, and Police, emphasizing the British control over core administrative functions.
53. Consider the following freedom fighters:
1. Barindra Kumar Ghosh
2. Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee
3. Rash Behari Bose
Who of the above was/were actively associated with the Ghadar Party?
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3
(d) 3 only
Answer: d) 3 only
Explanation: Rash Behari Bose was actively associated with the Ghadar Party, an organization founded by expatriate nationalists in North America to secure India’s independence from British rule. He played a significant role in revolutionary activities against the British Raj and was instrumental in linking Ghadar Party’s efforts with movements within India.
54. With reference to the proposals of Cripps Mission, consider the following statements:
1. The Constituent Assembly would have members nominated by the Provincial Assemblies as well as the Princely States.
2. Any Province, which is not prepared to accept the new Constitution, would have the right to sign a separate agreement with Britain regarding its future status.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: b) 2 only
Explanation: The Cripps Mission proposed that there would be a provision allowing any province not willing to accept the new constitutional arrangement to have a separate agreement with Britain concerning its future. The idea of the Constituent Assembly having members nominated by Provincial Assemblies and Princely States is accurate, but the highlighted right of provinces to sign a separate agreement is the specific provision under scrutiny here and was indeed a part of the Cripps proposal.
55. With reference to Indian history, consider the following statements:
1. The Dutch established their factories/warehouses on the east coast on lands granted to them by Gajapati rulers.
2. Alfonso de Albuquerque captured Goa from the Bijapur Sultanate.
3. The English East India Company established a factory at Madras on a plot of land leased from a representative of the Vijayanagara empire.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, and 3
Answer: b) 2 and 3 only
Explanation: Alfonso de Albuquerque did capture Goa from the Bijapur Sultanate, marking a significant expansion of Portuguese colonial holdings in India. The English East India Company established a factory at Madras, which was indeed on land leased from a representative of the Vijayanagara empire, illustrating the collaborative and often complicated relationships between European traders and Indian states. The statement about the Dutch receiving lands from Gajapati rulers is not accurate; their establishments were more typically negotiated with local authorities without specific reference to the Gajapatis.
TOPICS COVERED by U.P.S.C. for MODERN HISTORY PRELIMS 2022
Indian National Congress: Foundation and the Moderate Phase, National Movement (1905-1918), Emergence of Gandhi, Civil Disobedience Movement and Round Table Conference.
2021
33. In the first quarter of the seventeenth century, in which of the following was/were the factory/factories of the English East India Company located?
1. Broach
2. Chicacole
3. Trichinopoly
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 2 and 3 only
Answer: a) 1 only
Explanation: In the first quarter of the seventeenth century, the English East India Company had established a factory at Broach (Bharuch) in Gujarat, which was one of its earliest establishments on the Indian subcontinent. Chicacole (Srikakulam) and Trichinopoly (Tiruchirappalli) were not locations where the company had factories during this specific early period.
36. With reference to Madanapalle of Andhra Pradesh, which one of the following statements is correct?
(a) Pingali Venkayya designed the tricolor Indian National Flag here.
(b) Pattabhi Sitaramaiah led the Quit India Movement of Andhra region from here.
(c) Rabindranath Tagore translated the National Anthem from Bengali to English here.
(d) Madame Blavatsky and Colonel Olcott set up headquarters of Theosophical Society first here.
Answer: c) Rabindranath Tagore translated the National Anthem from Bengali to English here.
Explanation: Madanapalle is famously associated with Rabindranath Tagore’s translation of the Indian National Anthem, “Jana Gana Mana,” from Bengali to English. This significant event occurred while Tagore was visiting the Besant Theosophical College in Madanapalle, where he was inspired to provide an English rendition of his composition.
39. Consider the following statements:
1. Francis Xavier was one of the founding members of the Jesuit Order.
2. Francis Xavier died in Goa and a church is dedicated to him there.
3. The Feast of St. Francis Xavier is celebrated in Goa each year.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: b) 2 and 3 only
Explanation: Francis Xavier was not one of the founding members of the Jesuit Order; that distinction goes to Ignatius of Loyola and his companions. However, Xavier is a celebrated Jesuit missionary who played a significant role in the spread of Christianity in Asia. He died on Shangchuan Island, near China, but his body was later transferred to Goa, where the Basilica of Bom Jesus, which houses his relics, is dedicated to him. The Feast of St. Francis Xavier is indeed an annual celebration in Goa, marking his contribution to Christianity in the region.
42. Consider the following statements:
1. The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919 recommended granting voting rights to all women above the age of 21.
2. The Government of India Act of 1935 gave women reserved seats in the legislature.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: b) 2 only
Explanation: The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919 did not recommend granting voting rights to all women above the age of 21. The suffrage for women was limited and subject to qualifications based on property, education, etc. The Government of India Act of 1935, however, did introduce reserved seats for women in the legislature, marking a step forward in women’s political representation in India.
43. With reference to 8th August, 1942 in Indian history, which one of the following statements is correct?
(a) The Quit India Resolution was adopted by the AICC.
(b) The Viceroy’s Executive Council was expanded to include more Indians.
(c) The Congress ministries resigned in seven provinces.
(d) Cripps proposed an Indian Union with full Dominion Status once the Second World War was over.
Answer: a) The Quit India Resolution was adopted by the AICC.
Explanation: On 8th August 1942, the All India Congress Committee (AICC) session at Bombay adopted the Quit India Resolution, which called for immediate British withdrawal and launched the Quit India Movement, a significant campaign in the Indian independence struggle.
44. Who among the following is associated with ‘Songs from Prison’, a translation of ancient Indian religious lyrics in English?
(a) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(b) Jawaharlal Nehru
(c) Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
(d) Sarojini Naidu
Answer: c) Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
Explanation: ‘Songs from Prison’ or ‘Ashram Bhajans’ was translated by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi while he was in prison. The book is a collection of hymns and prayers that were significant to Gandhi and played a role in his spiritual life, reflecting his thoughts and philosophies.
46. Who among the following was associated as Secretary with Hindu Female School which later came to be known as Bethune Female School?
(a) Annie Besant
(b) Debendranath Tagore
(c) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
(d) Sarojini Naidu
Answer: c) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
Explanation: Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar played a pivotal role in promoting women’s education in India and was instrumental in establishing the Hindu Female School, which later became known as Bethune Female School in Kolkata. He was a key figure in the renaissance movement in Bengal and worked extensively towards the improvement of the status of women in society.
47. In the context of Colonial India, Shah Nawaz Khan, Prem Kumar Sehgal and Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon are remembered as
(a) Leaders of Swadeshi and Boycott Movement
(b) Members of the Interim Government in 1946
(c) Members of the Drafting Committee in the Constituent Assembly
(d) Officers of the Indian National Army
Answer: d) Officers of the Indian National Army
Explanation: Shah Nawaz Khan, Prem Kumar Sehgal, and Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon were prominent officers of the Indian National Army (INA), which was led by Subhas Chandra Bose and fought against British forces during World War II with the aim of securing India’s independence.
48. With reference to Indian history, which of the following statements is/are correct?
1. The Nizamat of Arcot emerged from Hyderabad State.
2. The Mysore Kingdom emerged from the Vijayanagara Empire.
3. Rohilkhand Kingdom was formed out of the territories occupied by Ahmad Shah Durrani.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 3 only
Answer: b) 2 only
Explanation: The Nizamat of Arcot did not emerge from Hyderabad State; it was established as a separate entity in the Carnatic region. The Mysore Kingdom indeed emerged from the disintegration of the Vijayanagara Empire, becoming a significant power in South India. The Rohilkhand Kingdom was not formed from territories occupied by Ahmad Shah Durrani; it was an independent region in North India that had its dynamics of power and governance.
TOPICS COVERED by U.P.S.C. for MODERN HISTORY PRELIMS 2021
Expansion and Consolidation of British Power in India, Beginning of Modern Nationalism in India, Emergence of Gandhi, Civil Disobedience Movement and Round Table Conference.
2020
23. Which of the following statements correctly explains the impact of the Industrial Revolution on India during the first half of the nineteenth century?
(a) Indian handicrafts were ruined.
(b) Machines were introduced in the Indian textile industry in large numbers.
(c) Railways lines were laid in many parts of the country.
(d) Heavy duties were imposed on the imports of British manufactures.
Answer: a) Indian handicrafts were ruined.
Explanation: The Industrial Revolution in Britain had a detrimental impact on Indian handicrafts and traditional industries. The influx of cheap, machine-made British goods into the Indian market undermined local artisan industries, leading to significant economic distress and deindustrialization in many sectors of the Indian economy.
26. With reference to the book ‘Desher Katha’ written by Sakharam Ganesh Deuskar during the freedom struggle, consider the following statements:
1. It warned against the Colonial State’s hypnotic conquest of the mind.
2. It inspired the performance of swadeshi street plays and folk songs.
3. The use of ‘desh’ by Deuskar was in the specific context of the region of Bengal.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, and 3
Answer: a) 1 and 2 only
Explanation: ‘Desher Katha’ by Sakharam Ganesh Deuskar played a crucial role in the Swadeshi movement, particularly in Bengal. It warned against the mental and psychological domination of the colonial state and inspired various forms of cultural resistance, including swadeshi street plays and songs. The book’s appeal and message extended beyond Bengal, addressing broader Indian concerns over colonial rule.
27. The Gandhi-Irwin Pact included which of the following?
1. Invitation to Congress to participate in the Round Table Conference
2. Withdrawal of Ordinances promulgated in connection with the Civil Disobedience Movement
3. Acceptance of Gandhi’s suggestion for an enquiry into police excesses
4. Release of only those prisoners who were not charged with violence
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 1, 2, and 4 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 2, 3, and 4 only
Answer: b) 1, 2, and 4 only
Explanation: The Gandhi-Irwin Pact marked a truce between the British government and the Indian National Congress, leading to the cessation of the Civil Disobedience Movement. Key terms included Congress’s participation in the Round Table Conference, the withdrawal of ordinances related to the movement, and the release of non-violent protesters. There was no specific clause for an inquiry into police excesses as part of this agreement.
28. The Vital-Vidhwansak, the first monthly journal to have the untouchable people as its target audience, was published by
(a) Gopal Baba Walangkar
(b) Jyotiba Phule
(c) Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
(d) Bhimrao Ranji Ambedkar
Answer: a) Gopal Baba Walangkar
Explanation: The Vital-Vidhwansak was a pioneering publication aimed at addressing the issues and interests of the untouchable community in India. It was published by Gopal Baba Walangkar, who was among the early social reformers focusing on the rights and upliftment of the marginalized sections of society.
32. In the context of Indian history, the Rakhmabai case of 1884 revolved around
1. women’s right to gain education
2. age of consent
3. restitution of conjugal rights
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: b) 2 and 3 only
Explanation: The Rakhmabai case of 1884 was pivotal regarding the legal rights of married women and the age of consent in British India. It primarily concerned the restitution of conjugal rights, wherein Rakhmabai contested her husband’s claim for cohabitation, which consequently brought attention to the age of consent. The case didn’t directly address women’s right to education.
33. Indigo cultivation in India declined by the beginning of the 20th century because of
(a) peasant resistance to the oppressive conduct of planters
(b) its unprofitability in the world market because of new inventions
(c) national leaders’ opposition to the cultivation of indigo
(d) Government control over the planters
Answer: b) its unprofitability in the world market because of new inventions
Explanation: The decline of indigo cultivation in India was significantly influenced by the development of synthetic dyes, making natural indigo less profitable in the global market. While peasant resistance and national leaders’ opposition were important, the key factor for the decline was its diminishing economic viability due to these new inventions.
34. Wellesley established the Fort William College Calcutta because
(a) he was asked by the Board of Directors at London to do so
(b) he wanted to revive interest in oriental learning in India
(c) he wanted to provide William Carey and his associates with employment
(d) he wanted to train British civilians for administrative purposes in India
Answer: d) he wanted to train British civilians for administrative purposes in India
Explanation: Lord Wellesley established the Fort William College in Calcutta to train British civilians in languages, laws, customs, and administration for more effective governance in India, aiming to create a more efficient and knowledgeable East India Company bureaucracy.
35. With reference to the history of India, “Ulgulan” or the Great Tumult is the description of which of the following events?
(a) The Revolt of 1857
(b) The Mappila Rebellion of 1921
(c) The Indigo Revolt of 1859-60
(d) Birsa Munda’s Revolt of 1899-1900
Answer: d) Birsa Munda’s Revolt of 1899-1900
Explanation: “Ulgulan,” or the Great Tumult, refers to the tribal uprising led by Birsa Munda in the region that now comprises Jharkhand. It was aimed against British rule and the exploitative practices of landlords and missionaries, marking a significant event in the resistance history of tribal communities in India.
TOPICS COVERED by U.P.S.C. for MODERN HISTORY PRELIMS 2020
Expansion and Consolidation of British Power in India, Beginning of Modern Nationalism in India, Emergence of Gandhi, Civil Disobedience Movement and Round Table Conference.
2019
2. With reference to land reforms in independent India, which one of the following statements is correct?
(a) The ceiling laws were aimed at family holdings and not individual holdings.
(b) The major aim of land reforms was providing agricultural land to all the landless.
(c) It resulted in the cultivation of cash crops as a predominant form of cultivation.
(d) Land reforms permitted no exemptions to the ceiling limits.
Answer: b) The major aim of land reforms was providing agricultural land to all the landless.
Explanation: The primary objective of land reforms in independent India was to redistribute land to the landless and marginal farmers to ensure equitable ownership. This included abolishing the zamindari system, implementing ceiling laws, and encouraging tenant farming to improve agricultural productivity and socio-economic conditions.
4. Consider the following statements about ‘the Charter Act of 1813’:
1. It ended the trade monopoly of the East India Company in India except for trade in tea and trade with China.
2. It asserted the sovereignty of the British Crown over the Indian territories held by the Company.
3. The revenues of India were now controlled by the British Parliament.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: a) 1 and 2 only
Explanation: The Charter Act of 1813 marked the end of the East India Company’s trade monopoly in India, except for its trade with China and in tea. It also signified the British Crown’s sovereignty over Indian territories under the Company’s control. However, the Act did not place Indian revenues under British Parliament’s control; that level of financial oversight and intervention would evolve more clearly in later legislation.
5. With reference to the Swadeshi Movement, consider the following statements:
1. It contributed to the revival of the indigenous artisan crafts and industries.
2. The National Council of Education was established as a part of the Swadeshi Movement.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: c) Both 1 and 2
Explanation: The Swadeshi Movement significantly contributed to the revival of indigenous crafts and industries as it promoted the boycott of British goods. Moreover, the National Council of Education was indeed established to foster an indigenous education system that was aligned with national interests and culture, reflecting a broader assertion of intellectual and educational self-determination.
6. Consider the following pairs:
Movement/Organization – Leader
1. All India Anti-Untouchability League: Mahatma Gandhi
2. All India Kisan Sabha: Swami Sahajanand Saraswati
3. Self-Respect Movement: E.V. Ramaswami Naicker
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: d) 1, 2 and 3
Explanation: All pairs are correctly matched. Mahatma Gandhi led the All India Anti-Untouchability League to eradicate the social evil of untouchability. Swami Sahajanand Saraswati was a key figure in the All India Kisan Sabha, advocating for farmers’ rights. E.V. Ramaswami Naicker spearheaded the Self-Respect Movement, focusing on social equity and opposing caste discrimination.
14. With reference to the British colonial rule in India, consider the following statements:
1. Mahatma Gandhi was instrumental in the abolition of the system of ‘indentured labour’.
2. In Lord Chelmsford’s ‘War Conference’, Mahatma Gandhi did not support the resolution on recruiting Indians for World War.
3. Consequent upon the breaking of Salt Law by Indian people, the Indian National Congress was declared illegal by the colonial rulers.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: b) 1 and 3 only
Explanation: Mahatma Gandhi indeed played a significant role in advocating for the abolition of the indentured labor system. Also, following the Salt March and the widespread civil disobedience that ensued, the British government took repressive measures including declaring the Congress illegal. Gandhi’s participation in Chelmsford’s War Conference was more nuanced; he agreed to a resolution to recruit Indians as non-combatants.
15. With reference to the Indian National Movement, consider the following pairs:
Person – Position held
1. Sir Tej Bahadur: President, All India Liberal Federation
2. K.C. Neogy: Member, The Constituent Assembly
3. P.C. Joshi: General Secretary, Communist Party Of India
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: d) 1, 2 and 3
Explanation: All pairs are correctly matched. Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru was indeed associated with the All India Liberal Federation, K.C. Neogy was a member of the Constituent Assembly, and P.C. Joshi was a notable General Secretary of the Communist Party of India, playing critical roles in their respective capacities.
21. Which one of the following groups of plants was domesticated in the ‘New World’ and introduced into the ‘Old World’?
(a) Tobacco, Cocoa and rubber
(b) Tobacco, Cotton and rubber
(c) Cotton, coffee and sugarcane
(d) Rubber, coffee and Wheat
Answer: a) Tobacco, Cocoa, and rubber
Explanation: Tobacco, cocoa, and rubber are all plants that were domesticated in the ‘New World’ (the Americas) and later introduced to the ‘Old World’ (Eurasia and Africa). These crops played significant roles in agricultural and economic exchanges between the two worlds following European exploration and colonization.
TOPICS COVERED by U.P.S.C. for MODERN HISTORY PRELIMS 2019
Expansion and Consolidation of British Power in India, Beginning of Modern Nationalism in India, Emergence of Gandhi, Civil Disobedience Movement and Round Table Conference, Socio- Religious Reform Movements: General Features.
2018
11. He wrote biographies of Mazzini, Garibaldi, Shivaji, and Shrikrishna; stayed in America for some time; and was also elected to the Central Assembly. He was
(a) Aurobindo Ghosh
(b) Bipin Chandra Pal
(c) Lala Lajpat Rai
(d) Motilal Nehru
Answer: c) Lala Lajpat Rai
Explanation: Lala Lajpat Rai, a prominent freedom fighter and nationalist leader, wrote biographies of various notable figures, contributed significantly to India’s independence movement, and had a stint in America. He also served as a member of the Central Legislative Assembly, reflecting his active role in both political and social spheres.
19. Regarding Wood’s Dispatch, which of the following statements are true?
1. Grants-in-Aid system was introduced.
2. Establishment of universities was recommended.
3. English as a medium of instruction at all levels of education was recommended.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, and 3
Answer: a) 1 and 2 only
Explanation: Wood’s Dispatch of 1854, known as the “Magna Carta of English Education in India,” recommended the establishment of universities in Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras and introduced the Grants-in-Aid system to encourage private enterprise in education. However, it did not recommend English as the medium of instruction at all education levels; rather, it supported vernacular languages at the primary levels.
38. In the Federation established by The Government of India Act of 1935, residuary powers were given to the
(a) Federal legislature
(b) Governor General
(c) Provincial Legislature
(d) Provincial Governors
Answer: b) Governor General
Explanation: The Government of India Act of 1935 provided for a federal structure with clear demarcation of powers between the center and the provinces. The residuary powers, or those matters not enumerated in any list, were vested in the Governor General, marking a significant step in constitutional development but also retaining critical control at the center.
51. After the Santhal Uprising subsided, what were the measures/measures taken by the colonial government?
1. The territories called ‘Santhal Parganas’ were created.
2. It became illegal for a Santhal to transfer land to a non-Santhal.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: c) Both 1 and 2
Explanation: After the Santhal Uprising, the British government took several measures to pacify the region and prevent such occurrences in the future. They established the Santhal Parganas to provide some autonomy and protection to the Santhal people. Additionally, laws were enacted to prevent the transfer of land from the tribal people to non-tribals to safeguard their interests.
52. Economically, one of the results of the British rule in India in the 19th century was the
(a) Increase in the export of Indian handicrafts
(b) Growth in the number of Indian owned factories
(c) Commercialization of Indian agriculture
(d) Rapid increase in the urban population
Answer: c) Commercialization of Indian agriculture
Explanation: The British colonial rule significantly altered India’s agricultural landscape, pushing towards the commercialization of agriculture. This shift meant prioritizing cash crops for export over subsistence farming, which had lasting impacts on India’s economy and society, including dependency on cash crops and increased vulnerability to famines.
68. The staple commodities of export by the English East India Company from Bengal in the middle of the 18th century were
(a) Raw cotton, oil-seeds, and opium
(b) Sugar, salt, zinc, and lead
(c) Copper, silver, gold, spices, and tea
(d) Cotton, silk, saltpeter, and opium
Answer: d) Cotton, silk, saltpeter, and opium
Explanation: During the mid-18th century, the East India Company focused on exporting a range of valuable commodities from Bengal, which included cotton, silk, saltpeter (an essential component of gunpowder), and opium. These goods were crucial in the trade networks established by the Company, especially in its dealings with China and other regions.
69. Which one of the following is a very significant aspect of the Champaran Satyagraha?
(a) Active all-India participation of lawyers, students, and women in the National Movement
(b) Active involvement of Dalit and Tribal communities of India in the National Movement
(c) Joining of peasant unrest to India’s National Movement
(d) Drastic decrease in the cultivation of plantation crops and commercial crops
Answer: c) Joining of peasant unrest to India’s National Movement
Explanation: The Champaran Satyagraha marked a significant milestone in the Indian National Movement as it represented the successful integration of peasant unrest into the broader national struggle for independence. Led by Mahatma Gandhi, this movement highlighted the plight of indigo farmers in Bihar and set a precedent for non-violent civil disobedience in India.
70. Who among the following were the founders of the “Hind Mazdoor Sabha” established in 1948?
(a) B. Krishna Pillai, E.M.S. Namboodiripad, and K.C. George
(b) Jayaprakash Narayan, Deen Dayal Upadhyay, and M.N. Roy
(c) C.P. Ramaswamy Iyer, K. Kamaraj, and Veeresalingam Pantulu
(d) Ashok Mehta, T.S. Ramanujam, and G.G. Mehta
Answer: d) Ashok Mehta, T.S. Ramanujam, and G.G. Mehta
Explanation: The Hind Mazdoor Sabha was one of the major trade union organizations in India, founded by socialist leaders including Ashok Mehta, T.S. Ramanujam, and G.G. Mehta. It aimed to organize and represent labor interests in the post-independence era, advocating for workers’ rights and social justice.
75. Which one of the following statements does not apply to the system of Subsidiary Alliance introduced by Lord Wellesley?
(a) To maintain a large standing army at others’ expense
(b) To keep India safe from Napoleonic danger
(c) To secure a fixed income for the Company
(d) To establish British paramountcy over the Indian States
Answer: c) To secure a fixed income for the Company
Explanation: The system of Subsidiary Alliance, introduced by Lord Wellesley, was primarily aimed at establishing British control and paramountcy over Indian states, maintaining large standing armies at the expense of these states, and securing India against Napoleonic threats. It was not designed to secure a fixed income for the Company but to assert political and military dominance.
76. Which of the following led to the introduction of English Education in India?
1. Charter Act of 1813
2 General Committee of Public Instruction, 1823
3. Orientalist and Anglicist Controversy
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, and 3
Answer: d) 1, 2, and 3
Explanation: The introduction of English education in India was influenced by several factors. The Charter Act of 1813 paved the way for promoting Western education by allocating funds. The General Committee of Public Instruction formed in 1823 was instrumental in developing educational policies, and the Orientalist-Anglicist Controversy shaped the medium and content of education, ultimately leading to the prominence of English education in India.
79. In 1920, which of the following changed its name to “Swarajya Sabha”?
(a) All India Home Rule League
(b) Hindu Mahasabha
(c) South Indian Liberal Federation
(d) The Servants of India Society
Answer: a) All India Home Rule League
Explanation: The All India Home Rule League, led by figures like Annie Besant and later on taken forward by Lokmanya Tilak, was instrumental in advocating for self-rule. In 1920, it changed its name to Swarajya Sabha to align more closely with the aim of achieving complete swaraj or self-rule, reflecting a strategic shift in its mission and activities in line with the broader national movement.
80. Which among the following events happened earliest?
(a) Swami Dayanand established Arya Samaj.
(b) Dinabandhu Mitra wrote Neeldarpan.
(c) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay wrote Anandmath.
(d) Satyendranath Tagore became the first Indian to succeed in the Indian Civil Services Examination.
Answer: b) Dinabandhu Mitra wrote Neeldarpan.
Explanation: Dinabandhu Mitra wrote Neeldarpan in 1860, which is earlier than the establishment of Arya Samaj in 1875, the publication of Anandmath in 1882, and Satyendranath Tagore passing the Indian Civil Services Examination in 1863. Neeldarpan was a play that highlighted the exploitation of indigo farmers by British planters, making a significant impact on Indian society and British public opinion.
89. With reference to educational institutions during colonial rule in India, consider the following pairs:
Institution – Founder
1. Sanskrit College at Benaras – William Jones
2. Calcutta Madrasa – Warren Hastings
3. Fort William College – Arthur Wellesley
Which of the pairs given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3
(d) 3 only
Answer: b) 2 only
Explanation: Warren Hastings founded the Calcutta Madrasa in 1781 for the promotion of Islamic studies. Sanskrit College at Benaras was not founded by William Jones, and Fort William College was established by Lord Wellesley, not Arthur Wellesley. The Calcutta Madrasa’s establishment aimed to foster goodwill among the Muslim gentry and ensure a supply of qualified individuals to assist the British administration.
TOPICS COVERED by U.P.S.C. for MODERN HISTORY PRELIMS 2018
Expansion and Consolidation of British Power in India, Beginning of Modern Nationalism in India, Civil Disobedience Movement and Round Table Conference, Socio- Religious Reform Movements: General Features, Indian National Congress: Foundation and the Moderate Phase, National Movement (1905-1918), Emergence of Gandhi.
2017
13. Who among the following was/were associated with the introduction of Ryotwari Settlement in India during the British rule?
1 Lord Cornwallis
2. Alexander Read
3. Thomas Munro
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: c) 2 and 3 only
Explanation: The Ryotwari Settlement was primarily introduced in parts of British India by officials such as Alexander Read and Thomas Munro. This system was implemented mainly in Madras and Bombay Presidencies. Lord Cornwallis was associated with the Permanent Settlement in Bengal, not the Ryotwari Settlement.
15. The Trade Disputes Act of 1929 provided for
(a) the participation of workers in the management of industries.
(b) arbitrary powers to the management to quell industrial disputes.
(c) an intervention by the British Court in the event of a trade dispute.
(d) a system of tribunals and a ban on strikes.
Answer: d) a system of tribunals and a ban on strikes.
Explanation: The Trade Disputes Act of 1929 was enacted to prevent the occurrence of certain types of strikes and lock-outs. It provided a legal mechanism for the resolution of industrial disputes through the establishment of tribunals and also imposed certain restrictions on the right to strike.
24. Consider the following statements:
1. The Factories Act, 1881 was passed with a view to fix the wages of industrial workers and to allow the workers to form trade unions.
2. N.M. Lokhande was a pioneer in organizing the labour movement in British India.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: b) 2 only
Explanation: The Factories Act of 1881 aimed primarily to improve the working conditions in factories, not to fix wages or allow the formation of trade unions. N.M. Lokhande was indeed a pioneering figure in the early labor movement in India, advocating for workers’ rights and welfare.
26. The object of the Butler Committee of 1927 was to
(a) Define the jurisdiction of the Central and Provincial Governments.
(b) Define the powers of the Secretary of State for India.
(c) Impose censorship on national press.
(d) Improve the relationship between the Government of India and the Indian States.
Answer: d) Improve the relationship between the Government of India and the Indian States.
Explanation: The Butler Committee was established to investigate and clarify the relationships between the Native States and the paramount power (British India). Its main objective was to address and improve these relationships amidst growing nationalist sentiments.
37. Consider the following pairs:
1. Radhakanta Deb — First President of the British Indian Association
2. Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty — Founder of the Madras Mahajana Sabha
3. Surendranath Banerjee — Founder of the Indian Association
Which of the above pairs is/are correctly matched?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: b) 1 and 3 only
Explanation: Radhakanta Deb was indeed the first president of the British Indian Association, and Surendranath Banerjee was a founder of the Indian Association. However, Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty was associated with the Madras Native Association, not the Madras Mahajana Sabha.
62. In the context of Indian history, the principle of ‘Dyarchy (diarchy)’ refers to
(a) Division of the central legislature into two houses.
(b) Introduction of double government i.e., Central and State governments.
(c) Having two sets of rulers; one in London and another in Delhi.
(d) Division of the subjects delegated to the provinces into two categories.
Answer: d) Division of the subjects delegated to the provinces into two categories.
Explanation: Dyarchy, introduced by the Government of India Act of 1919, referred to a dual system of governance at the provincial level where certain subjects were classified as ‘transferred’ (administered by elected Indian ministers) and others as ‘reserved’ (controlled by the provincial governor and his executive council).
93. With reference to Indian freedom struggle, consider the following events:
1. Mutiny in Royal Indian Navy
2 Quit India Movement launched
3. Second Round Table Conference
What is the correct chronological sequence of the above events?
(a) 1-2-3
(b) 2-1-3
(c) 3-2-1
(d) 3-1-2
Answer: c) 3-2-1
Explanation: The Second Round Table Conference occurred in 1931, the Quit India Movement was launched in 1942, and the Mutiny in the Royal Indian Navy took place in 1946. Thus, the correct chronological sequence is 3-2-1.
TOPICS COVERED by U.P.S.C. for MODERN HISTORY PRELIMS 2017
Expansion and Consolidation of British Power in India, Beginning of Modern Nationalism in India, National Movement (1905-1918), Emergence of Gandhi, Civil Disobedience Movement and Round Table Conference.
2016
49. The ‘Swadeshi’ and ‘Boycott’ adopted as methods of struggle for the first time during the
(a) agitation against the Partition of Bengal
(b) Home Rule Movement
(c) Non-Cooperation Movement
(d) visit of the Simon Commission to India
Answer: a) agitation against the Partition of Bengal
Explanation: The Swadeshi and Boycott movements were adopted as methods of struggle for the first time during the agitation against the Partition of Bengal in 1905. These methods aimed at reviving domestic products and industries and boycotting British goods and services as a form of protest against British policies.
58. Satya Shodhak Samaj organized
(a) A movement for the upliftment of tribals in Bihar.
(b) A temple entry movement in Gujarat.
(c) An anti-caste movement in Maharashtra.
(d) A peasant movement in Punjab.
Answer: c) An anti-caste movement in Maharashtra.
Explanation: Satya Shodhak Samaj, founded by Jyotirao Phule, organized an anti-caste movement in Maharashtra. It aimed at social reform, particularly fighting against caste discrimination and promoting the rights and education of the lower castes and women.
64. The Montague-Chelmsford Proposals were related to
(a) social reforms
(b) educational reforms
(c) reforms in police administration
(d) constitutional reforms
Answer: d) constitutional reforms
Explanation: The Montague-Chelmsford Proposals of 1919 related to constitutional reforms, leading to the Government of India Act 1919. These reforms introduced a dual system of governance (dyarchy) at the provincial level, expanding the involvement of Indians in the government.
69. Consider the following:
1. Calcutta Unitarian Committee
2. Tabernacle of New Dispensation
3. Indian Reforms Association
4. Keshab Chandra Sen is associated with the establishment of which of the above?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 only
Answer: b) 2 and 3 only
Explanation: Keshab Chandra Sen, a prominent figure in the Brahmo Samaj movement, was instrumental in establishing the Tabernacle of New Dispensation and the Indian Reforms Association. These organizations were part of his efforts to promote religious and social reforms.
92. What was the main reason for the split in the Indian National Congress at Surat in 1907?
(a) Introduction of communalism into Indian politics by Lord Minto
(b) Extremists’ lack of faith in the capacity of the moderates to negotiate with the British Government
(c) Foundation of Muslim League
(d) Aurobindo Ghosh’s inability to be elected as the President of the Indian National Congress
Answer: b) Extremists’ lack of faith in the capacity of the moderates to negotiate with the British Government
Explanation: The split in the Indian National Congress at Surat in 1907 was primarily due to differences between the Extremists and the Moderates. The Extremists, led by leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, and Bipin Chandra Pal, lacked faith in the Moderates’ approach to achieving reforms through negotiations and petitions and advocated for more direct forms of protest.
93. The plan of Sir Stafford Cripps envisaged that after the Second World War
(a) India should be granted complete Independence.
(b) India should be partitioned into two before granting Independence.
(c) India should be made a Republic with the condition that she will join the Commonwealth.
(d) India should be given Dominion status.
Answer: d) India should be given Dominion status.
Explanation: The Cripps Mission of 1942 proposed that after World War II, India would be granted Dominion status, allowing for self-government while remaining part of the British Commonwealth. This proposal was rejected by the Indian National Congress and the All India Muslim League, as it did not meet their demands for full independence and immediate transfer of power.
TOPICS COVERED by U.P.S.C. for MODERN HISTORY PRELIMS 2016
Expansion and Consolidation of British Power in India, Beginning of Modern Nationalism in India, National Movement (1905-1918), Emergence of Gandhi, Civil Disobedience Movement and Round Table Conference.
2015
16. With reference to Rowlatt Satyagraha, which of the following statements is/are correct?
1. The Rowlatt Act was based on the recommendations of the ‘Sedition Committee’.
2. In Rowlatt Satyagraha, Gandhiji tried to utilize the Home Rule League.
3. Demonstrations against the arrival of the Simon Commission coincided with Rowlatt Satyagraha.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, and 3
Answer: b) 1 and 2 only
Explanation: The Rowlatt Act was indeed based on the recommendations of the Sedition Committee, and during the Rowlatt Satyagraha, Gandhi sought to leverage the existing organizational network of the Home Rule League to protest against the act. The demonstrations against the Simon Commission did not coincide with the Rowlatt Satyagraha; they happened later, in 1928.
20. Who of the following were economic critics of colonialism in India?
1. Dadabhai Naoroji
2. G. Subramania Iyer
3. R. C. Dutt
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, and 3
Answer: d) 1, 2, and 3
Explanation: All three individuals were prominent critics of the economic policies of British colonialism in India. Dadabhai Naoroji, G. Subramania Iyer, and R.C. Dutt articulated their concerns about the draining of Indian wealth to Britain and highlighted the adverse impacts of British economic policies on India.
26. With reference to the Congress Socialist Party, consider the following statements:
1. It advocated the boycott of British goods and evasion of taxes.
2. It wanted to establish the dictatorship of the proletariat.
3. It advocated separate electorates for minorities and oppressed classes.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 1, 2, and 3
(d) None
Answer: d) None
Explanation: The Congress Socialist Party (CSP), established in 1934, aimed at fighting British imperialism and achieving socialist transformation in India. It did not advocate for a dictatorship of the proletariat in the Marxist sense or support separate electorates for minorities and oppressed classes, aligning more with socialist principles within the broader nationalist framework.
28. The Government of India Act of 1919 clearly defined
(a) the separation of power between the judiciary and the legislature
(b) the jurisdiction of the central and provincial governments
(c) the powers of the Secretary of State for India and the Viceroy
(d) None of the above
Answer: b) the jurisdiction of the central and provincial governments
Explanation: The Government of India Act of 1919 defined the dual scheme of governance, or dyarchy, which separated the subjects into ‘transferred’ and ‘reserved’ categories, thereby clarifying the jurisdiction between the central and provincial governments.
46. Who of the following organized a march on the Tanjore coast to break the Salt Law in April 1930?
(a) V.O. Chidambaram Pillai
(b) C. Rajagopalachari
(c) K. Kamaraj
(d) Annie Besant
Answer: b) C. Rajagopalachari
Explanation: C. Rajagopalachari, closely associated with Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian National Congress, led the Salt March to the Tanjore coast in Tamil Nadu, mirroring Gandhi’s Dandi March to protest against the Salt Laws imposed by the British.
48. Consider the following statements:
1. The first woman President of the Indian National Congress was Sarojini Naidu.
2. The first Muslim President of the Indian National Congress was Badruddin Tyabji.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: b) 2 only
Explanation: The first woman president of the Indian National Congress was Annie Besant, not Sarojini Naidu. However, the statement about Badruddin Tyabji, who was indeed the first Muslim president of the Congress, is correct.
68. Which one of the following movements has contributed to a split in the Indian National Congress resulting in the emergence of ‘moderates’ and ‘extremists’?
(a) Swadeshi Movement
(b) Quit India Movement
(c) Non-Cooperation Movement
(d) Civil Disobedience Movement
Answer: a) Swadeshi Movement
Explanation: The Swadeshi Movement, especially during its peak around the agitation against the partition of Bengal (1905), led to a significant ideological split within the Indian National Congress between the ‘moderates’, who preferred a more gradual and persuasive approach, and the ‘extremists’, who advocated for direct action and swadeshi principles.
TOPICS COVERED by U.P.S.C. for MODERN HISTORY PRELIMS 2015
Expansion and Consolidation of British Power in India, Beginning of Modern Nationalism in India, National Movement (1905-1918), Emergence of Gandhi, Civil Disobedience Movement and Round Table Conference.
2014
15. The Radcliffe Committee was appointed to:
(a) solve the problem of minorities in India
(b) give effect to the Independence Bill
(c) delimit the boundaries between India and Pakistan
(d) inquire into the riots in East Bengal
Answer: c) delimit the boundaries between India and Pakistan
Explanation: The Radcliffe Committee, led by Cyril Radcliffe, was appointed to draw the borders between the newly independent nations of India and Pakistan in 1947. Its main task was to define the boundaries of the provinces of Punjab and Bengal, effectively determining the future of millions of people and leading to significant migration and conflict.
81. The Partition of Bengal made by Lord Curzon in 1905 lasted until
(a) The First World War when Indian troops were needed by the British and the partition was ended.
(b) King George V abrogated Curzon’s Act at the Royal Durbar in Delhi in 1911.
(c) Gandhiji launched his Civil Disobedience Movement.
(d) The Partition of India in 1947 when East Bengal became East Pakistan.
Answer: b) King George V abrogated Curzon’s Act at the Royal Durbar in Delhi in 1911.
Explanation: The partition of Bengal, enacted by Lord Curzon in 1905, was annulled at the Delhi Durbar in 1911 by King George V. The decision was influenced by intense opposition and protests against the partition, leading the British to reunify Bengal in an attempt to quell discontent.
82. The 1929 Session of Indian National Congress is of significance in the history of the Freedom Movement because the
(a) attainment of Self-Government was declared as the objective of the Congress
(b) attainment of Poorna Swaraj was adopted as the goal of the Congress
(c) Non-Cooperation Movement was launched
(d) decision to participate in the Round Table Conference in London was taken
Answer: b) attainment of Poorna Swaraj was adopted as the goal of the Congress
Explanation: The 1929 Lahore session of the Indian National Congress, under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, is historically significant because it was at this session that the Congress officially adopted the goal of Poorna Swaraj, or complete independence from British rule, as its objective. This resolution marked a decisive step in the Indian freedom struggle, setting the stage for future actions aimed at securing full sovereignty.
86. The Ghadr (Ghadar) was a
(a) revolutionary association of Indians with headquarters at San Francisco
(b) nationalist organization operating from Singapore
(c) militant organization with headquarters at Berlin
(d) communist movement for India’s freedom with headquarters at Tashkent
Answer: a) revolutionary association of Indians with headquarters at San Francisco
Explanation: The Ghadar Party was a revolutionary organization founded by expatriate Indians in the United States and Canada with the aim of overthrowing British rule in India. It was headquartered in San Francisco and played a significant role in mobilizing the Indian diaspora against British colonialism, especially during World War I.
92. What was/were the object/objects of Queen Victoria’s Proclamation (1858)?
1. To disclaim any intention to annex Indian States
2. To place the Indian administration under the British Crown
3. To regulate East India Company’s trade with India
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, and 3
Answer: a) 1 and 2 only
Explanation: Queen Victoria’s Proclamation of 1858 followed the transfer of control from the East India Company to the British Crown after the revolt of 1857. The main objectives of the proclamation were to reassure Indian states by disclaiming any intent to annex them and to affirm the British Crown’s sovereignty over India, thereby establishing direct rule and improving administrative efficiency. The proclamation did not concern itself with regulating the East India Company’s trade, as the company’s role in administration had ended.
TOPICS COVERED by U.P.S.C. for MODERN HISTORY PRELIMS 2014
Expansion and Consolidation of British Power in India, National Movement (1905-1918), Emergence of Gandhi, Civil Disobedience Movement and Round Table Conference.
Culture
2023
82. Consider the following pairs:
Site: Well known for
1. Besnagar: Shaivite cave shrine
2. Bhaja: Buddhist cave shrine
3. Sittanavasal: Jain cave shrine
How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?
(a) Only one
(b) Only two
(c) All three
(d) None
Answer: b) Only two
Explanation: Besnagar is not renowned for a Shaivite cave shrine. It’s historically significant due to the Garuda Pillar inscription associated with Heliodorus, a Greek ambassador to India, which suggests a syncretic blend of cultures and not specifically a Shaivite cave shrine.
Bhaja is indeed well known for its early Buddhist rock-cut cave monuments, which date back to the 2nd century BCE. These caves are an important example of early Indian Buddhist architecture and art.
Sittanavasal is famous for its Jain cave temple, which contains exquisite frescoes and sculptures dating from the 7th to 9th centuries, indicative of early Tamil Jain art.
TOPICS COVERED by U.P.S.C. for CULTURE PRELIMS 2023
Jainism Buddhism
2022
93. Which of the following statements about Sangam literature in ancient South India is correct?
(a) Sangam poems are devoid of any reference to material culture
(b) The social classification of varna was known to Sangam poets
(c) Sangam poems have no reference to warrior ethic
(d) Sangam literature refers to magical forces as irrational
Answer: b) The social classification of varna was known to Sangam poets
Explanation: Sangam literature, which dates back to the first few centuries CE in Tamil Nadu, provides insights into the early social, economic, and political life of the region. It indicates that the Sangam poets were aware of the varna system, although the system was not as rigid or detailed as in the later Vedic society. References in the literature suggest a society where social divisions and occupational classifications were recognized.
94. Yogavasistha was translated into Persian by Nizamuddin Panipati during the reign of:
(a) Akbar
(b) Humayun
(c) Shah Jahan
(d) Aurangzeb
Answer: a) Akbar
Explanation: Yogavasistha, a philosophical text, was translated into Persian during the reign of Akbar, known for his interest in various religious and philosophical doctrines. Akbar’s reign was marked by a syncretic culture where scholars translated many Sanskrit texts into Persian, facilitating a cultural exchange and promoting understanding among diverse communities within his empire.
95. The world’s second tallest statue sitting in the pose of Ramanuja was inaugurated by the Prime Minister of India at Hyderabad recently. Which one of the following statements correctly represents the teachings of Ramanuja?
(a) The best means of salvation was devotion
(b) Vedas are eternal, self-existent, and wholly authoritative
(c) Logical arguments were essential means for the highest bliss
(d) Salvation was to be attained through meditation
Answer: a) The best means of salvation was devotion
Explanation: Ramanuja, a revered philosopher and theologian in the Sri Vaishnavism tradition, emphasized bhakti or devotion as the primary means to achieve salvation. His teachings stressed on the importance of devotion towards God and advocated a personal god with attributes, which was a departure from the impersonal absolute conceptualized in Advaita Vedanta.
96. The Prime Minister recently inaugurated the new Circuit House near Somnath Temple at Veraval. Which of the following statements are correct regarding Somnath Temple?
Somnath Temple is one of the Jyotirlinga Shrines.
A description of Somnath Temple was given by Al-Biruni.
Pran Pratishtha of Somnath Temple (installation of the present-day temple) was done by President S. Radhakrishnan.
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, and 3
Answer: a) 1 and 2 only
Explanation: The Somnath Temple, one of the twelve Jyotirlinga shrines of Shiva, has a significant place in Hindu tradition and history. Al-Biruni, the medieval Persian scholar who visited India, provided a detailed description of the temple in his records. However, the Pran Pratishtha (re-consecration) of the modern temple was not done by President S. Radhakrishnan; it was Rajendra Prasad, the first President of India, who attended the ceremony, marking a critical phase in the restoration of the temple.
TOPICS COVERED by U.P.S.C. for CULTURE PRELIMS 2022
Early Societies and Sangam Literature in South India, Bhakti and Sufi Movements, The Mughal Empire and Cultural Developments, Colonial Education and Literary Policies.
2021
50. Consider the following statements:
1. 21st February is declared to be International Mother Language Day by UNESCO.
2. The demand that Bangla has to be one of the national languages was raised in the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: b) 2 only
Explanation: International Mother Language Day is observed on 21st February every year, and it was declared by UNESCO, not UNICEF. The day promotes linguistic and cultural diversity and multilingualism worldwide.
The demand that Bangla be recognized as one of the national languages was indeed raised in the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. This was a significant political issue in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), leading to the Language Movement that emphasized the linguistic identity and rights of the Bengali-speaking population.
95. With reference to India, the terms ‘Halbi, Ho, and Kui’ pertain to
(a) Dance forms of Northwest India
(b) Musical instruments
(c) Prehistoric cave paintings
(d) Tribal languages
Answer: d) Tribal languages
Explanation: Halbi, Ho, and Kui are names of tribal languages spoken in India. Halbi is spoken in central India, predominantly in Chhattisgarh and adjoining areas. Ho is a language spoken primarily by the Ho people of Jharkhand and adjacent regions. Kui is a Dravidian language used by the Kui tribe in Odisha and neighboring areas. These languages are integral to the cultural and social identity of their respective tribal communities.
TOPICS COVERED by U.P.S.C. for CULTURE PRELIMS 2021
International Observances and Their Significance, Tribal Languages and Cultures in India
2020
22. With reference to the religious history of India, consider the following statements:
1. Sthaviravadins belong to Mahayana Buddhism.
2. Lokottaravadin sect was an offshoot of the Mahasanghika sect of Buddhism.
3. The deification of Buddha by Mahasanghikas fostered Mahayana Buddhism.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: b) 2 and 3 only
Explanation: Sthaviravadins do not belong to Mahayana Buddhism; they were part of early Buddhist schools and are considered a precursor to Theravada Buddhism, not Mahayana.
The Lokottaravadin sect indeed was an offshoot of the Mahasanghika sect of Buddhism. The Lokottaravadins held that the Buddha was transcendent, not subject to worldly conditions.
The Mahasanghikas’ emphasis on the superhuman aspects of the Buddha contributed to the development of Mahayana Buddhism, where the concept of the celestial Buddha became prominent.
31. With reference to the cultural history of India, which one of the following is the correct description of the term ‘paramitas’?
(a) The earliest Dharmashastra texts written in aphoristic (sutra) style
(b) Philosophical schools that did not accept the authority of Vedas
(c) Perfections whose attainment led to the Bodhisattva path
(d) Powerful merchant guilds of early medieval South India
Answer: c) Perfections whose attainment led to the Bodhisattva path
Explanation: Paramitas in Buddhism refer to the perfections or virtues that Bodhisattvas practice to achieve enlightenment. These virtues are considered essential for the Bodhisattva path, guiding practitioners toward altruistic and spiritually advanced states of being, essential for attaining Buddhahood.
71. With reference to the cultural history of India, consider the following pairs:
1. Parivrajaka – Renunciant and Wanderer
2. Shramana – Priest with a high status
3. Upasaka – Lay follower of Buddhism
Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: b) 1 and 3 only
Explanation: Parivrajaka correctly refers to a renunciant and wanderer, individuals who have renounced worldly life to live in spiritual pursuit.
Shramana does not denote a priest with a high status but rather an individual practicing an ascetic lifestyle, often outside the Vedic framework, which included Buddhists, Jains, and others.
Upasaka denotes a lay follower of Buddhism, individuals who adhere to Buddhist practices and principles without renouncing worldly life.
TOPICS COVERED by U.P.S.C. for CULTURE PRELIMS 2020
Buddhist Philosophical Concepts, Early Religious Movements in India, Development of Buddhist Sects.
2019
No Questions Asked.
2018
22. Consider the following pairs:
Tradition — State
1. Chapchar Kut Festival — Mizoram
2. Khongjom Parba ballad — Manipur
3. Thang-Ta Dance — Sikkim
Which of the pairs given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2
(c) 1 and 2
(d) 2 and 3
Answer: b) 1 and 2
Explanation: The Chapchar Kut Festival is indeed associated with Mizoram. It is a traditional Mizo festival that marks the beginning of spring.
The Khongjom Parba ballad pertains to Manipur and is a form of folk singing that narrates historical events, particularly those related to the battle of Khongjom.
Thang-Ta Dance is not from Sikkim but Manipur. It is a martial art form that integrates combat techniques with dance.
42. The well-known painting “Bani Thani” belongs to the
(a) Bundi school
(b) Jaipur school
(c) Kangra school
(d) Kishangarh school
Answer: d) Kishangarh school
Explanation: “Bani Thani” is a famous painting associated with the Kishangarh school of painting in Rajasthan. It is characterized by its distinctive style, particularly the elongated faces, and is often considered a depiction of Radha.
44. With reference to culture history of India, consider the following statements:
1. Most of the Tyagaraja Kritis are devotional songs in praise of Lord Krishna.
2. Tyagaraja created several new ragas.
3. Annamacharya and Tyagaraja are contemporaries.
4. Annamacharya keertanas are devotional songs in praise of Lord Venkateswara.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 and 4 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3
(d) 2, 3 and 4
Answer: b) 2 and 4 only
Explanation: Tyagaraja’s kritis are predominantly in praise of Lord Rama, not Krishna. Tyagaraja is indeed credited with creating several new ragas. Annamacharya and Tyagaraja were not contemporaries; they lived during different centuries. Annamacharya’s keertanas are indeed in praise of Lord Venkateswara.
54. Consider the following pairs:
Crafts: Heritage of
1. Puthukkuli shawls: Tamil Nadu
2. Sujni embroidery: Maharashtra
3. Uppada Jamdani sarees: Karnataka
Which of the pairs given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2
(c) 3 only
(d) 2 and 3
Answer: a) 1 only
Explanation:
Puthukkuli shawls are indeed associated with Tamil Nadu and are known for their unique weaving techniques and patterns.
Sujni embroidery is associated with Bihar, not Maharashtra.
Uppada Jamdani sarees are from Andhra Pradesh, not Karnataka. They are known for their exquisite weaving and intricate designs.
TOPICS COVERED by U.P.S.C. for CULTURE PRELIMS 2018
Indian Festivals and Folk Arts, Indian Painting Traditions, Indian Classical Music and Composers, Indian Textiles and Handicrafts.
2017
12. With reference to Manipuri Sankirtana, consider the following statements:
1. It is a song and dance performance.
2. Cymbals are the only musical instruments used in the performance.
3. It is performed to narrate the life and deeds of Lord Krishna.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1 only
Answer: b) 1 and 3 only
Explanation:Manipuri Sankirtana is indeed a song and dance performance that is an integral part of the cultural and spiritual fabric of Manipur. It combines vocal and instrumental music, dance, and gestural representations to narrate religious themes and stories.
While cymbals are a key musical instrument in Sankirtana, they are not the only instruments used. Various drums like the Pung (Mridang) are also essential to the performance.
One of the primary themes of Sankirtana is the life and deeds of Lord Krishna, making it a devotional performance that resonates with the Vaishnavite tradition.
69. The painting of Bodhisattva Padmapani is one of the most famous and oft-illustrated paintings at:
(a) Ajanta
(b) Badami
(c) Bagh
(d) Ellora
Answer: a) Ajanta
Explanation:The painting of Bodhisattva Padmapani is one of the most celebrated and frequently illustrated paintings located in the Ajanta Caves, Maharashtra. These caves, known for their magnificent mural paintings and sculptures, are significant landmarks in the history of Indian art, and the depiction of Padmapani is particularly notable for its grace and spiritual expression.
70. Consider the following pairs:
Traditions: Communities
1. Chaliha Sahib Festival: Sindhis
2. Nanda Raj Jaat Yatra: Gonds
3. Wari-Warkari: Santhals
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) None of the above
Answer: a) 1 only
Explanation:The Chaliha Sahib Festival is indeed associated with the Sindhi community, particularly dedicated to the worship of Jhulelal. Nanda Raj Jaat Yatra is related to the people of Uttarakhand, not the Gonds. Wari-Warkari is a pilgrimage tradition associated with the followers of Vithoba in Maharashtra, not the Santhals.
75. Which of the following is/are famous for Sun temples?
1. Arasavalli
2. Amarakantak
3. Omkareshwar
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: a) 1 only
Explanation: Arasavalli in Andhra Pradesh is renowned for its Sun Temple dedicated to Surya, the Sun God. Amarakantak and Omkareshwar, on the other hand, are known for other religious significance and do not house prominent Sun temples.
TOPICS COVERED by U.P.S.C. for CULTURE PRELIMS 2017
Indian Performing Arts and Cultural Festivals, Indian Classical Art and Iconography, Traditional Indian Festivals and Community Celebrations, Prominent Temples and Architectural Heritage of India.
2016
65. What is/are common to the two historical places known as Ajanta and Mahabalipuram?
1. Both were built in the same period.
2. Both belong to the same religious denomination.
3. Both have rock-cut monuments.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) None of the statements given above is correct
Answer: b) 3 only
Explanation: Ajanta and Mahabalipuram were not built in the same period. Ajanta caves (primarily Buddhist) were created in two distinct phases, the first starting around the 2nd century BCE and the second occurring between 400-650 CE, while Mahabalipuram (primarily Hindu) was constructed during the Pallava dynasty in the 7th and 8th centuries.
They do not belong to the same religious denomination. Ajanta is known for its Buddhist heritage, while Mahabalipuram is famous for its Hindu temples and monuments.
Both Ajanta and Mahabalipuram indeed have rock-cut monuments, with Ajanta famous for its Buddhist cave temples and Mahabalipuram known for its rock-cut caves and temples.
89. With reference to the cultural history of India, the memorizing of chronicles, dynastic histories, and epic tales was the profession of who of the following?
(a) Shramana
(b) Parivrajaka
(c) Agrahaarika
(d) Maagadha
Answer: d) Maagadha
Explanation: Maagadhas were professional bards or reciters in ancient India who memorized and recited genealogies, dynastic histories, and epic tales, often at royal courts. They played a crucial role in preserving the oral history and cultural narratives of the time. Shramanas were ascetics outside the Vedic tradition, Parivrajakas were wandering ascetics, and Agrahaarikas do not fit into this context as a known category for such a profession.
TOPICS COVERED by U.P.S.C. for CULTURE PRELIMS 2016
Rock Cut Architecture
2015
54. With reference to the Art and Archaeological history of India, which one among the following was made the earliest?
(a) Lingaraja Temple at Bhubaneswar
(b) Rock-cut Elephant at Dhauli
(c) Rock-cut Monuments at Mahabalipuram
(d) Varaha image at Udaygiri
Answer: b) Rock-cut Elephant at Dhauli
Explanation: The rock-cut elephant at Dhauli is part of the early rock-cut architecture in India, dating back to the 3rd century BCE, associated with Ashoka and his dissemination of the Buddhist doctrine. The Lingaraja Temple at Bhubaneswar is from the 11th century CE, the rock-cut monuments at Mahabalipuram are primarily from the 7th century CE, and the Varaha image at Udaygiri dates back to the early 5th century CE.
75. Which one of the following was given Classical Status recently?
(a) Odia
(b) Konkani
(c) Bhojpuri
(d) Assamese
Answer: a) Odia
Explanation: Odia has been granted the status of a classical language in India, recognizing its rich heritage and long literary history. The Government of India accorded this status to Odia in 2014, making it one of the six languages in India to be given such a distinction.
96. Kalamkari painting refers to
(a) hand-painted cotton textile in South India
(b) Handmade drawing on bamboo handicrafts in Northeast India
(c) A block painted woollen cloth in the Western Himalayan region of India
(d) A hand-painted decorative silk cloth in Northwestern India
Answer: a) hand-painted cotton textile in South India
Explanation: Kalamkari painting is a type of hand-painted or block-printed cotton textile, traditionally produced in parts of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. The term ‘Kalamkari’ is derived from the Persian words ‘kalam’ (pen) and ‘kari’ (craftsmanship), referring to the art of drawing with a pen. The process involves several steps of dyeing, bleaching, hand painting, block printing, starching, cleaning, and more.
TOPICS COVERED by U.P.S.C. for CULTURE PRELIMS 2015
Indian Art & Architecture, Classical Indian languages, Paintings
2014
8. Consider the following pairs:
Tradition — State
1. Chapchar Kut Festival — Mizoram
2. Khongjom Parba ballad — Manipur
3. Thang-Ta Dance — Sikkim
Which of the pairs given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2
(c) 1 and 2
(d) 2 and 3
Answer: b) 1 and 2
Explanation: Chapchar Kut is indeed a festival celebrated in Mizoram, and Khongjom Parba is a ballad from Manipur. Thang-Ta, a martial art dance form, is associated with Manipur, not Sikkim.
44. With reference to the cultural history of India, the term ‘Panchayatan’ refers to
(a) an assembly of village elders
(b) a religious sect
(c) a style of temple construction
(d) an administrative functionary
Answer: c) a style of temple construction
Explanation: Panchayatan refers to an architectural style where the main shrine is surrounded by four subsidiary shrines, a total of five, forming a quincunx pattern, common in Hindu temple architecture.
76. Consider the following towns of India:
1. Bhadrachalam
2. Chanderi
3. Kancheepuram
4. Karnal
Which of the above are famous for the production of traditional sarees/fabric?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3
(d) 1, 3 and 4
Answer: b) 2 and 3 only
Explanation: Chanderi in Madhya Pradesh is famous for its sarees and so is Kancheepuram in Tamil Nadu. Bhadrachalam is not known for saree production, and Karnal is not related to traditional saree or fabric production.
83. With reference to the famous Sattriya dance, consider the following statements:
1. Sattriya is a combination of music, dance, and drama.
2. It is a centuries-old living tradition of Vaishnavites of Assam.
3. It is based on classical Ragas and Talas of devotional songs composed by Tulsidas, Kabir, and Mirabai.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: b) 1 and 2 only
Explanation: Sattriya is a classical dance form from Assam, associated with Vaishnavite culture, and incorporates music, dance, and drama. It does not traditionally use compositions of Tulsidas, Kabir, or Mirabai, which are more North Indian.
84. Chaitra 1 of the national calendar based on the Saka Era corresponds to which one of the following dates of the Gregorian calendar in a normal year of 365 days?
(a) 22 March (or 21st March)
(b) 15th May (or 16th May)
(c) 31st March (or 30th March)
(d) 21st April (or 20th April)
Answer: a) 22 March (or 21st March)
Explanation: Chaitra 1 of the Saka Era typically corresponds to 22 March in a normal year and 21 March in a leap year.
85. With reference to the Indian history of art and culture, consider the following pairs:
Famous work of sculpture: Site
1. A grand image of Buddha’s Mahaparinirvana with numerous celestial musicians above and the sorrowful figures of his followers below: Ajanta
2. A huge image of Varaha Avatar (boar incarnation) of Vishnu, rescuing Goddess Earth from the deep and chaotic waters, sculptured on rock: Mount Abu
3. “Arjuna’s Penance”/”Descent of Ganga” sculpted on the surface of huge boulders: Mamallapuram
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, and 3
Answer: b) 3 only
Explanation: “Arjuna’s Penance”/”Descent of Ganga” is indeed a famous bas-relief found in Mamallapuram. The grand image of Buddha’s Mahaparinirvana is at Ajanta, but the Varaha Avatar is not associated with Mount Abu; it’s notable at Udayagiri.
87. With reference to India’s culture and tradition, what is ‘Kalaripayattu’?
(a) It is an ancient Bhakti cult of Shaivism still prevalent in some parts of South India.
(b) It is an ancient style bronze and brass work still found in the southern part of the Coromandel area.
(c) It is an ancient form of dance-drama and a living tradition in the northern part of Malabar.
(d) It is an ancient martial art and a living tradition in some parts of South India.
Answer: d) It is an ancient martial art and a living tradition in some parts of South India.
Explanation: Kalaripayattu is a martial art form that originates from Kerala, South India, known for its agility, power, and discipline.
88. Consider the following pairs:
1. Garba: Gujarat
2. Mohiniattam: Odisha
3. Yakshagana: Karnataka
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: c) 1 and 3 only
Explanation: Garba is a dance form from Gujarat, and Yakshagana is a traditional theatre form from Karnataka. Mohiniattam is from Kerala, not Odisha.
89. With reference to Buddhist history, tradition, and culture in India, consider the following pairs:
1. Tabo monastery and temple complex: Spiti Valley
2. Lhotsava Lhakhang temple, Nako: Zanskar Valley
3. Alchi temple complex: Ladakh
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: c) 1 and 3 only
Explanation: Tabo monastery is indeed in the Spiti Valley, and the Alchi temple complex is in Ladakh. However, the Lhotsava Lhakhang temple is in Nako, not the Zanskar Valley.
90. Consider the following statements:
1. ‘Bijak’ is a composition of the teachings of Saint Dadu Dayal.
2. The philosophy of Pushti Marg was propounded by Madhvacharya.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: d) Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation: ‘Bijak’ is associated with Kabir, not Dadu Dayal. The philosophy of Pushti Marg was propounded by Vallabhacharya, not Madhvacharya.
91. A community of people called Manganiyars is well-known for their
(a) martial arts in North-East India
(b) musical tradition in North-West India
(c) classical vocal music in South India
(d) pietra dura tradition in Central India
Answer: b) musical tradition in North-West India
Explanation: Manganiyars are renowned for their rich musical tradition and are primarily found in the Rajasthan region of North-West India.
TOPICS COVERED by U.P.S.C. for CULTURE PRELIMS 2014
Indian Classical Dances, Martial Arts, Buddhist Art and Architecture, Temple Architecture Styles, Folk Arts, Indian Languages and Literature, Religious and Philosophical Traditions